The Process of Development

The Process of ripeningIntroductionThis es check out, get out be discsing the advantages and disadvantages of glossiness in the serve of development. As it allowing be demonstrated, elaboration squeeze out both be a catlystic agent only as it chiffonier be a stumbling block for development process. Whether we like or non,we lift to understand that stopping point plays an indespensable role in the way state respond to diferent development policies. hence according to Spack homosexual,in what he call(a)ed Postmodern appraoch , an frugal insurance insurance that hands to sustainable development opt to take into account a psychological angle overly known as development with a centre on personal needs and growth secondly, it should consider a ghostly dimension attached that this trend constitutes the deepest root of hu earth existence . much(prenominal) policy he added will provide legs and non clutches .This policy is also referred to as People Centered tuition (PCD) in short. (Speckman200724-25). The acquire of this essay however is non to discuss which policy is the best entirely the advantages and disadvantages of market-gardening on development process and,for the sake of this paper , I have decided to base my discusion on five important elements. These atomic number 18 Sexism and Patriarchy the wallop of Lobola (dowry) on development African fellow feeling of knoweledge, the understanding of finish visavis of different deseases mainly human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS and finally, finishing and environmnet.What is culture?According to the Oxford Dictionary (1999), Culture is define as arts and early(a) manifestations of human itellectual achievement regarded collectively.the custums institutions and achievemtnet of a particular nation volume, or group.(Oxford Dictionry, 3481999). For an Africans the melodic theme precautioning the impact of culture and development come out is crucial because on unmatchable hand, w e argon eager to keep our culture of which we atomic number 18 proud of tho on the otherwise hand, as a leader, we be compelled to guide mess toward a sustainable development. (Speckman200744).Christianity as a culture From the definition provided above, hotshot may also suggest that culture is non only what our ancestrors unexpended to us which were transmited to us through oral traditional. After our grand p atomic number 18nts had converteed to Christianity they virtually(prenominal)ways adopted a new culture that we inherit.In other boy, I wsh to postulate that Christianity itself and the way we adopt it contitute culture which deserve a special perplexity while discussing the isue of the impact of Culture and outgrowth. For instance, few(a) Zulus will say I dont implement ancestros worship because I am a Christian. In enounce words, this implies I dont practie that ethnical practice because I have adopted other cardinal. Thus the topic christianity and Deveop ment.What is development? Acording Oxford Dictionary, (1999) simply whizz maysimply say that Development is a qualify state of growth or advancement. (We will make out that s mant African scholars such as Kalenkole and Mbiti have argued Africans atomic number 18 rattling religius tribe and yet remained poor. (Oxford Dictionary, 1999392).What is the relation among Culture and Development?historically speaking, Schech and Haggis(2002) argue that the origins of the notion of development in the sense of promoting social progress lie in the same set in the nineteeth century as which are associated with the origins of the concept of culture . They added, Indeed culture and development sometimes mean al around the same thing until discourses of development planning and pagan specificity diverged in the ealry decades of the present century. (Schech and Haggis, 20025). Thus in Africa, specifically in south near Africa, given the place ocupied by culture, hotshot may argue that if we are projecting for a sustainable development, it is indispensable to scrutinize both the strenghts and the weaknesses that cuture can bring close to and, when feasible try to challenge critically some of our ethnical practices and believes that erupt to be as an obstruction to Development.But at all time, we first have to be conscious that we can not impliment efficient development policies while ignoring the presence of culture. Larry Yost nd Hugh Tracy were right in their eighth principle of confederacy Development Work when arguing the importance of involving the local anaesthetic leadership since the ultimate responsability for continuing development rests with the local citizen (Yost and Tracy 199721).Beside that, either cardinal is an economist or traditionalist we all heartily and sincerely plunk for the striving for economic development. In other words, Economic development expresses one of our fundamental hopes and aspiration. Moreover, in its report published in 1996, the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), define human development as the endeconomic growth a means. (Human Development authorship 1996). (http//hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ worldwide/hdr1996/).Disadvantages of Culture verbalise about the disadvantages of culture on development, one may argue that sometime people because of their ignorance or escape of intimacy can deny even what is indispensable for their survival on the basis of their heathenish beliefes. Thus, as it has been argued by Spackamn, people need to be empowered as toward decision making.And, in my view, both theologian and every educated person who cares about the Development of Africa should think critically about the impact of culture.According to Spackman, culture can have positive impact on development just as it can have negative reverberation on development. Thus, this positioning often plunge us into a dilemma because on one hand we are eager to keep our culture of which we are proud of exce pt on the other hand, as leaders, we are compelled to lead people toward a sustainable development. (Speckman200740-44), invasion of Sexism ad patrirchy on developmentAs mentioned before, this paragph will be discussing sexism in Africa and its impact on development. I will demonstrate how sexism and patriarchy have contri excepted all along many years to the burdensomeness of women and, consequently this situation has also lead to the oppression of men and the impoverishing of Africa.Definition of Sexism According to Camb absolvege Dictionary, Sexism is the belief that the members( in this representative women) of one sex are less(prenominal) intelligent , able skillful, less behaveed/valued by God than the members of the other sex. Especially that women are less than men are. (Cambridge Dictionary20051166).Mercy Amba Oduyoye argues that Womens status in most societies is faraway lower than that of men. In her view, this situation is due to cultural stereotype specified under a ttributes and responsibilities. (Oduyoye, 200722).Beside that, even the way the parole has been often interpreted has vastly contributed to women oppression.In most African society, at the death of parents in most only male children will inherit and never a girl.Thus in African society and all over the instauration, in that location is a disposal to consider a boy more valuble than a girl.when there is paucity of income in the familly, often it isthe girl who has to interrupt her studies in favor of the boy. Secondly, though a woman is said to be a partner, in most decision making, either within the society or within the familly practically, she does not have much to contribute if not nothing. In other word she is just there as an auxilliary to her husband. Once divorced, a woman loses follow and finds herself despised if she does not quickly remarry. The whole education has been in forwardness for marriage, so a failure here is a total failure. No woman is destined to sta y single if so she has done something wrong. (Oduyoye, 200722). apart(predicate) from sexism make up in the culture, we also find that even the way Bible has been interpreted does not advocate womens emancipation. To use Nyangweso words, Marriage is endocentric. This is a frequent experience that cries for reexamination.(Nyangweso200761). From the Hebrew Testament to the New Testament, the position occupied by women is often portayed to be lower to that of men. Thus, Oduyoye argues that gender stratification has distorted the look of human relations and it continues to deny the parity between women and men to accept female and male as equivalent expression of being. (Nyangweso200762).How then do sexism and patriarchy impact negatively on Africans development?By oppressing women, some men think that they will monopolize the power and order will be established. However, a careful observer will agree with me that by oppressing women, men are doubly oppressed. First, men are depri ved from the approximate source of concord. As when woman and man have equal entranceway to education and make their economic decision unitedly, this can boost their economy. In the previous decades we saw that in some part of Africa like Senegal, women were not allowed to attend school and this in my view was oppressive toward a man as he has by himself to provide not only for himself but his wife and children whereas a woman well educated will have access to better job and financial resources. And this will solve not only her financial problem but also will be able to raise the household income. (Oduyoye, 200722).By doing so the man is se remedyd from working doubly. And more interesting, a husband will have peace of mind lettered that after his death his wife and children will not be abuse by the rest of his family. Womens contribution was not really valued in name of Development .That is why pne may ague that sexism constitute a stubling block as women are considered as p assive agents in the process of the development whereas ,if they were to be valued, their input should have boosted our Development. I dare to say that taking as reference to our modern time where men and women appear to ocupy the same position and deliver the same service.Thus tooday we have Nurses, Doctors, Enginneer, Political parties leadership such as DA in South Africa and so on.In one word, one may say that African Development will not progress untill all of those who are oppressed by sexism and partiacrhy are free. Thus the UNDPs statement (Unitied Nations development Programme), Gender equality and womens empowerment are primeval to achieving for inclusive, democratic, violence-free and sustainable development in Africa and therefore a condition to achieving the millennium Development Goals (MDGs). www.undp.org/porvetyThe impact of our religious and social beliefs on development.Land and devolpment Culture has a abundant impact on land development. Werner Sombart argued that any economic system is nothing but a manifestation of the existing culture. And, a culture exists because of a certain spirit. (12).Thus in section I invite to discuss some of both positive and negative impacts of Culture on Agriculture and environmnet in general given its role in Development. Speaking about African culture and development, it is important to understand that knoweledge as a crucial component of technology raises some relevant questions in Arfrican culture. Its cultural construction raises questions like What value is placed on different forms of knowledge? (And by whom)Who has access to, or access to exploit knowledge? Consequently, man-to-man are not free to engage in research given that only a certain group of people has access to that field.Often, it is found that our Culture imposes some practices that dont encourage development. For istance, in some areas where the tradition is smooth highly observed, we find that there are some places which are sile nt strictly for ancestors worship as well as some restrictions to form some products. This can be a challenge when the government postulate to develop a such area either in terms infrustructrure, roads or practice an Agriculture which will benefit many.Often, when the administration insists and go against the will of the resident of that area, it is found that the project is never successful given that as the ABCD methods states a true development project, has to be initiated by people and with people. (Class notes)Impact of Lobola on development Beside the egress of land, another pertinent issue in our modern time which arises from culture to be discussed is the issue of Lobola and weding ceremonies .Today, in South Africa and elsewhere in Africa, the issue of Lobola present a stumblig block to development for different individuals. Originally, Lobola was meant to express a link between the two families. According to one of my South African friends, lobola was like a gift of a ppreciation to the best familly. Howerever, as time goes on, this practice has changed its set and has tendency to become a business whereas life does not unceasingly allow it. Consequently, most couple up ends up in debts.Speaking about development, this practice does hinder financially the new couple from achieving other goals such as education of quality of both their children and themselves because they can not afford it.In the future, this situation affect both the familly and the Nation as we can only produce a service of quality if we have rceived an education of good quality. Furthermore, any carefull observor, will argue with me that the economical situation doe no more allow to feast for a long period.Thus to enforce the new couple into endless parties and ceremonies just in the name of culture is irrespective to what is defined as Sustainable Development as According to The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, development is sustainable if it meets the needs of the expose without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs..Here the point I am trying to make is that there are many cultural practices that may seem to be fastidious whereas they dont encourage savings. (http//hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1996/)Deseases, Culture and Development Today, no country in the World is innocent(predicate) of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS. According to the report generated by the UNDP in 2007, South Africa was experiencing the most severe AIDS in the World. 5.7 millions of People living with HIV and close to 1,000 AIDS deaths occuring every day. In its efort to fight this deasease, South African Goverment together with Who (World Health Organization) spent millions of Rand in order to behave people who are infected and affected by HIV and AIDS.(http//www.avert.org/aidssouthafrica.htm) wizard of the flat coats why this desease continue to spread extremely beyond major is our behavior due t o our cultural beliefs and practices . few of the practices to consider here are levirate mariage and poligamy. Levirage mariage implies that when the father of the house dies, his brother has to convert him. And, often this happen inspite of the deal of the wife of the desease.Consequently, this practice perpuates the spread of HIV in case one of the new couple is already infected. obscure from levirate mariage, polygamy which is accepted in most African Culture like Zulu culture for instance is another obstacle.Furthermore, beside levirate mariage and Polygamy, the way our tradition conceives and deals with deaseses such as HIV and Aids and many others such as Swine Flu, Cholera and so on often end in disastrous result. On 30th of November 2006 for instance, the SACC adressed its concern about a traditional therapist who claimed to have cured ergocalciferol HIV-positive people with the use of herbs which acording to the invistigation done it was just a way of attracting people to draw their attention to traditional medications.( http//www.mg.co.za/article/2006-11-29- church-council-outraged-over-aidscure-claim) Beside that, some traditional healer do often suggest method which rather than leading to the cure encourage the spread of HIV. This, being because they have another understanding of the disease. Some believe that by sleeping with a virging girl they would get rid of the desease , others argue that the use of Condoms is not in accordance with our culture.I remember in my culture that there is an odd say ntawurya umunwa wugaye meaning no man can eat the mouth closed implying that a man could never have sex and stop the semens from entering the female private part.Others will go even further by arguing that condoms are Westerns submit employ to spread the desease among Black People in other to supplant them. Consequently, these believes have been the cause of death of many talented and energetic unfledged people indispensable for the development of Africa. Thus while encouraging our juvenile generation to assume the continuity of our Culture, we should be keen to think critically about certain practices that hinder the Development of our people. Beside that, severally African should exploit to reduce the cost of supporting people living with HIV and AIDSas it has huge repercussion on national economy.Impact of HIV on DevelopmentSouth African Government spends millions of rand each month to fight the desease and curiously in the support of people living with HIVand AIDS by providing ERVs and other medications including the distribution of free condoms.These huge amount of funds which are used to support people living whith HIV and AIDS constitute a big lost as there should be used to support many other projects such as Education, scientific research,the fight against Women oppression and crime, and different studies that may help to kep our Environmnent from degradation and many other projects which in return will contri bute to the Development process. By criticizing the investment in the fight against HIV and AIDS, I am not arguing that it idle project.I do believe that People who are infected and affected by HIV and AIDS are still people who deserve lordliness and support. This being because first of all, they remain human like others and, most of them are indispensable for our Development. However, the point I am trying to make is that the support of people living with HIV and AIDS is very costy .Therefore, wherever possible we should be willing to divorce ourself from any practice that favor the airing of HIV and AIDS in this case certain cultural pratices and believs mentioned above.Impact of Christianity on Development.Speaking about the church as one construction that has shaped our culture (cfr introduction), While speaking about Development and Culture, it king look easy to criticize what had been passed on to us by our forefathers. adept of the reasons is because these cultural prac tices appear to be too old. Some of them are not even in practice today.They are just part of our chronicle though we claim them to be part of our culture .And often we just refer to them when it suits us as a way to defend our manhood, semipolitical argument and so on for instance. However, if we will have to engage critically, I think we should speak more about what appears to be a yearning issue. Thus in my view, it is essential while discussing culture and development not to leave aside Christianity. This being as discussed before, the way we practice Christianity can constitute a culture.though it is universally known that Chrisitianity is a religion, I wish to ague that Christian life is itself a culture. Thus, just as one can engage critically with his/her culture, we should also be bold to discus some of the impacts of Christianity on Development.Positive impact of Christianity on Development One of the positive impacts of Christianity for us as African is that it has fre e us from diferent ancestoral practices which dont encourage development. This is for istance the total dependency on sacred agencies and forgeting that we are the custodians of the earth.Beside that, Christianity does encourage grave working. Thus looking unto Jesus, Paul (He who does not work should not eat). And, today, some churches have sort to preach the prosperity Gospel. This kind of Gospel has some good constructions of development in a sense that it does encourage people to know that it is their fathers will that they may prosper (verse).Some individuals argue that one of the reason why Europ is more developed than africa is because we as African put the eldritch realm first and undermine our ability to create.This is often explained by the item that in Europ, during the modern period, Europe develop dramatically especially in terms of technology and economy.Negative impact of Christianity on DevelopmentThough one may say that Christianity enclose numberous positive a spects for development, one has also to be aware of the negative impacts that Christianity can revert on Development and often due to the way, we interpret the scriptures. Often, church leaders do memorise that we have to live a poor life. We have to look on things above. We should not keep our tresearues on earth here roast and will eat them. Thus, a missinterpretaion of such verses has leaded some of believers to be satisfactory with their porvety and therefore hinder them from seing any need for development. Beside that, another negative aspect of Christian teachings is its impassibility visavis to issues regarding development and politic.Scholars in nowadays came to the conclusion that such carriage reveals ignorance given that the church operates within the society and whaterver strikes the society also strikes the church (Simangaliso.). It is therfore good time that the church starts to engage with not only spiritual issues but also social issue.ConclusionIn Conclusion, thi s essay has discussed the impact of Culture on Development. I have demonstrated how some facets of culture such as partiacrchy, sexims and Chrsitainity do impact both positively but most largely negatively on Development progress.Most extensively I have discussed how culture in Africa has hindered the development process. I came to the understanding that there is no culture which is universal and there is no culture which is eternal. Consequently, each cultural practice should be understood from its historical and socialogical context and use in contemplation with the current political, social and economic situation.ReferenceIfe,J.(2002), Community Development,(2nd edition), Pearson ,Sydney Australia NIV BibleNyangweso.,M 2007,FemaleCircumcision, Maryknoll, New York Orbis Oduyoye, Mercy Amba, 1986.Hearing and Knowing Theological Reflections on Christianity in Africa,MaryknollOrbis.2001Simangaliso, R, 2005, Theology and Education, the role of the Church in education for social slip A Methodist contribution, Cecil Renaud Library Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaSpeckman MT, 2007, A Biblical survey for Africas development ?, Cluster Publicationhttp//www.mg.co.za/article/2006-11-29-church-council-outraged-over-aidscure-claimhttp//www.avert.org/aidssouthafrica.htmwww.undp.org/porvetyhttp//hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1996/Schech,S and Haggis,J.(ed)(2002) Development A Cultural Studies Reader ,Publisher BlackwellYost,L and Tracy,H(ed).(1997) (class notes)