Human Influence on Spread of Disease

adult male race Influence on Spread of Disease by the last 40 age, concern about the open of infected complaint has progressed due to the public becoming more concerned about pathogenic diseases major public health threats. Despite the fact that everything these solar days is hygienic, hypo eitherergenic, sterilized, and each wrapped for your protection, everyplace 30 morbific diseases wee cropped up over the last twenty-five years (Patz Confalonieri, 2004). Even with all these precautions, Infectious diseases apply become the leading fix of death in the realism and the ordinal in the United States.Mainly as a result of advance handsts in medical technology, people ar living for a longer magazine than they ever employ to. Even in un substantial countries the population slow-wittedness has become more intense. Third world countries do not have got sufficient sewage systems, pure drinking pee, ample housing, or strait-laced medical facilities to handle the r ising population. Be sheath of the increasing population, people are jammed into block megacities, many of which are in humid regions where the environs is lofty for infectious diseases to flourish in (Hay et al. 2005).Today, in the 21st atomic number 6, there are over 24 megacities in the world, the majority of them in under developed nations. It is predicted that before the year 2010, half of the worlds inhabitants ordain be residing in congested urban locations (Hay et al. 2005).The live economic situation is surely causing legion(predicate) rural people to relocate to cities to attain work. Various contagious illnesses that were one time localized in rural areas are now capable of orbit larger populations by fashion of rural urbanization. The number of people that live in poverty inside large metropolitan areas has grown at an alarming rate. Urban impoverished areas are breeding grounds for diseases corresponding to terabit (Hay et al. 2005).Data compilations, compl eted in 1990, estimated that there were, 20 trillion refugees and 30 cardinal dis spotlightd people in the world. (Patz Confaloniere, 2004) Entire population movements were generally due to political, economic or catastrophic events such as flooding, earthquakes and drouth are crucial elements in disease development. Such crises lead to temp living arrangements, such as refugee camps and short-term shelters, which become the perfect environment for the spread of infections. Short-term living spaces frequently share similarities with impoverished city areas. Some of those similarities are overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, restricted access to medical attention, neglect of uncontaminated urine and food, displacement, and ineffective barriers for disease-carrying agents. An example is the movement of 500,000 800,000 Rwandan refugees into Zaire in 1994. Al well-nigh 50,000 refugees died during the initial month from cholera. (Patz Confaloniere, 2004)Importing and Exporting of goodsWe dine on foods from the worlds gardens, except not all imported foods are healthy. Raspberries from Guatemala do a great many Americans sick on account of a leech contendn as Cyclosporine, which was in the water that was used to spray and water the raspberries. Potential disease-ridden bugs and tainted foods, vegetation, and other goods cross U.S. borders on daily basis. incessantly since the 1980s, the quantity of imported food to the U.S. has doubled. Increases in food imports have be the nations food protection procedure. Despite the fact that we depend on the FDA, husbandry and additional government organizations to safeguard our food supply, the number of inspections have cut back by 50% of what they had been a few years back (Garrett, 1996). collectible to the worlds countries steadily become more entwined, inter-reliant, and extremely competitive, will the other nations of the world adjust their values to become more akin to those of the U.S. or will the U.S. , regardless of elevated principles, turn out to be more vulnerable to the rest of the worlds germs? (Garrett, 1996)Sexual Promiscuity and Drug UseThe most late(a) epidemic on a worldwide scale is human immunodeficiency virus/ aid. human immunodeficiency virus/ help appeared in 1979 but it was until the mid 1980s that the disease was given up a name. Thirty years later there is still no cure for this disease. HIV/Aids are spread by consistency fluids with the primary(prenominal) ways of becoming effected are through informal contact and intravenous drug use. In 1997 it was estimated by UNAIDS (United Nations special curriculum on the AIDS epidemic, that over 16,000 people worldwide were being give with the HIV virus every day. This epidemic has shown the world that we are continually defending ourselves from an army of microscopic organisms that can emerge or change at any time (Eberstadt, 2002).Intravenous drug use continues to spread the disease far beyond those who inje ct drugs. Anyone who has sex with an intravenous drug user is at great hazard of contracting the disease. Then to irritate matters worse, children born to HIV infected mothers may also become infected. Since the inauguration of the HIV/Aids, intravenous drug use has either directly or indirectly accounted for over 36% of all Aids cases in the U.S. racial and ethnic minority people in the U.S. are at the superior risk. It is not only intravenous drug users that are at risk because studies have shown that crack smokers are three times more potential to contract Aids than those who do not smoke crack. Sixty-one part of all women infected with the HIV virus had contracted it through intimate contact (Eberstadt, 2002).It is predicted that in the 21st century, the group with the highest risk will be children under the age of 15. In 1997, over half a million children, worldwide, under 15 years old had contracted HIV through birth by infected mothers, sexual contact, and drug use. HIV /Aids is the second leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of 25 and 44. HIV/Aids is the leading cause of death for African American men and women between 25 and 44 years of age. Over half of the report Aids cases in 1997 were among young homosexual men and 49% of infected women were infected heterosexually (Eberstadt, 2002).The HIV/Aids epidemic has also been the cause of other epidemic Millions of children are being orphaned by HIV/Aids infected parents, quoted by Eberstadt, (2002).Changes in mode due to Global warm upNumerous transmittable diseases are extremely receptive to climatic shifts, chiefly in temperature, come forth water, and moisture. It is evident that climatic shifts are taking place as a result of enlarge emissions of green house gases. The main causes of climatic shifts are caused by human influences. The typical global surface temperature since AD 1000 began to increase around 1975. From 1975 to 2001, the worlds typical surface temperature ha s increased by .4 degrees Celsius. It is estimated that over the next century, the typical surface temperature will increase 2-3 degrees Celsius (IPCC 2001). According to Karl and Trenberth (2003), This change in temperature will soon exceed the leaping of lifelike variability.The frequency and geographical span of selected plant and animal infectious diseases has apparently altered, to some extent in reaction to humor shifts over recent years. Many infectious diseases are greatly influenced by the holdfast of local, regional, and global ecosystems that is being do by humans. In tropic regions, dams that were created by humans to store water for irrigation and hydroelectric power have made it possible for water borne diseases to flip ones wig in populated areas where they were previously nonexistent. (Harvell et al. 2002).Human transferable diseases are attributed to an intricate range of conditions making it hard to know precisely what the effects are as a result of climate variation alone. Even so, some selective information exists regarding an influence of recent climate change on Cholera in Bangladesh, tick-borne Encephalitis in Sweden, and Malaria in regions of eastern Africa (Lindgren Gustafson, 2001).There has been extensive interrogation done to establish how human diseases such as malariaand dengue fever will react to the mise en scene of worldwide climate shifts that are projected to take place over the next century. A great deal more research needfully to be completed to conclude how climatic variations will effect microbial mutation and how the recent increase in severe weather events and natural disasters will affect the dispersion of communicable diseases (Kuno, 1995).Dengue fever is bear on by urbanization, set off, trade, and weather conditions. Dengue is by far the most illustrious vector-borne viral disease of humans. This disease is extremely likely to become affected by worldwide climate alteration. Approx. 80 million cases of Dengue fever are reported each year, of which 20,000 die. Dengue is primarily a tropical disease and has expanded in recent decades to nations with moderate climates. The increase in the number of cases is also attributed to an increase in human mobility via air travel (Monath, 1994).The Dengue virus breeds in stagnate water locations that are commonly found in the urban environment. This virus strain has accomplished unholy evolutionary adjustment to coexist with humans, having originated in the tropical forests of Africa. It has been stopd by scientific research, that Dengue is one of the main communicable diseases most anticipate to be affected by international climate shifts all the way through the 21st century and farther into the future (Monath, 1994).Many infectious diseases are greatly influenced by the altering of local, regional, and global ecosystems that is being done by humans. In tropical regions, dams that were created by humans to store water for irrigation a nd hydroelectric power have made it possible for water borne diseases to expand in populated areas where they were previously nonexistent (Kuno, 1995).MethodologyThe research for this obligate is qualitative in nature. Qualitative research is a manner of used by many academic subjects, such as social sciences and merchandising research. Qualitative researchers have a goal of learning about human behavior (e.g. why and how people do what they do). This types of research focuses on researching special items of a topic instead of the whole topic and all of its variables.The research conducted for this paper was focused on sextette human influenced meanss that may or may not be the cause of increased spreading of infectious diseases. A small sampling of specific infectious diseases is discussed in similarity to the factors that were researched.Data Collection MethodThe grounded theory data collection method was used for this paper. Grounded theory is used to form a theory or to pr ove or disprove a current theory from the data retrieved during the process of conducting research.Analysis of data Interpretive techniquesThe most common outline of qualitative data is observer impression. That is, expert or bystander observers examine the existing documented data, interpret it via forming an impression and report their impression in a structured and sometimes quantitative form.LimitationsThe research for this paper has situated that not all infectious diseases have been positively cerebrate to modern day factors. Research in this field is in progress. In order for scientists to determine the factors causing the spread or mutation of a disease, they must first determine the cause of each factor. For example it has been only recently, that the main cause of climate changes was human influence, had been discovered.SummaryResearch on all six factors was conducted by reading and compiling recorded data on factors and the diseases. It was determined that several very serious infectious diseases can be linked to one or more the researched factors. In the last 40 years over thirty new, renewed, or mutated diseases have plagued the world. It was also discovered that all of the factors were influenced by humans. It is my opinion that there is only one main factor that causes the spread of infectious disease, and that factor is humans.ConclusionMany of the past diseases that cause worldwide pandemics are still alive and mutating today. One of the biggest threats for the 21st century is the influenza virus. The flu virus constantly mutates and becomes resistant to vaccines very quickly. The most recent deadly strain is H1N1 (Nipah virus) also known as the swine flu, and also recently the bird flu (Fong, 2008).According the St. Johns Providence Health System, In the first 10 years of this century, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have detect a disturbing trend. The number of people diagnosed with diseases such as westmost Nile, Monkey Pox, and Hantavi rus has risen greatly. Diseases that had once been nearly wiped out, such as measles, mumps, pertussis, and malaria, have reappeared. And to top it all off, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases like tuberculosis and Aids appear to be accelerating again.St. Johns Providence Health System feels that the argue for the escalation is the way humans live. A few of those reasons are (2010)Weakened immune systems caused by genetics, other diseases, and malnutrition.Clearing forests and wetlands increases humans exposure to rats.Giving antibiotics to conjure animals.The increase in worldwide natural disasters.War and biological weapons.Authors remark It will certainly take global efforts to control the spread of infectious disease. It seems that humans have been messing with Mother Nature and she is not very glad about it.