The Mosquito Coast Essay -- essays research papers

The Mosquito CoastThe Mosquito Coast depicts the story of an unstable, antisocialindividual whose unsubstantiable paranoia causes him to dramatically alter thecourses of his and other peoples lives. The mans revenant fear of a nuclearinvasion by an irate, immoral country eventually this man to move himself andhis family to a remote jungle area of Honduras where he planned to establish autopian ordination of his own design. Some themes that are conveyed through thisstory are the ability of split-second decisions to dramatically alter anybodyslife, and the inability of certain individuals to be able to mentally do by thestressful life of western civilization.Allie Foxx highly opposed the style of life which had developed in the get together States. He believed religions to be useless, and our government to becorrupted, continually drawing the unwanted attention of other countries tactilemissiles. He saw t.v. and mainstream life as a form of mental poison. Hestrictly raise his chi ldren to incorporate the same mental attitude which heheld. He saw himself as the last very man alive. The combination of all thesedelusions eventually prompted him to move himself and his family to adifferent country altogether, where he whatever lifestyle he so desired.Charley is the thirteen class old son of Allie. He is naive to thepractices of current society because of his fathers continual ... The Mosquito Coast Essay -- essays research papers The Mosquito CoastThe Mosquito Coast depicts the story of an unstable, antisocialindividual whose unsubstantiable paranoia causes him to dramatically alter thecourses of his and other peoples lives. The mans continual fear of a nuclearinvasion by an irate, immoral country eventually this man to move himself andhis family to a remote jungle area of Honduras where he planned to establish autopian society of his own design. Some themes that are conveyed through thisstory are the ability of split-second decisions to dram atically alter anybodyslife, and the inability of certain individuals to be able to mentally handle thestressful life of western civilization.Allie Foxx highly opposed the style of life which had developed in theUnited States. He believed religions to be useless, and our government to becorrupted, continually drawing the unwanted attention of other countries tactilemissiles. He saw t.v. and mainstream life as a form of mental poison. Hestrictly raised his children to incorporate the same mental attitude which heheld. He saw himself as the last real man alive. The combination of all thesedelusions eventually prompted him to relocate himself and his family to adifferent country altogether, where he whatever lifestyle he so desired.Charley is the thirteen year old son of Allie. He is naive to thepractices of modern society because of his fathers continual ...

Preservation of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Essay -- Argumentative

Preservation of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Ever since 1973, when the Endangered Species Act came into being, conservationists and private landowners have been debating oer whether to preserve the habitats of many endangered species found in unprotected areas (Ligon et al, 1986). Increasing levels of human development has led to the cutting of old-growth forests and construction of roads and other corporal barriers to wildlife. These activities have greatly contributed to the fragmentation of wildlife habitat, which has had detrimental effects on the population structure and survivorship of the affected areas indigenous species. One species that has been affected by habitat fragmentation is the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), a nonmigratory bird with a home range covering most of the southeastern United States (Roise et al, 1990). Habitat fragmentation has led to the loss of genetic variability, nesting sites, and suitable population sizes to support cooperati ve breeding requirements. These factors have been responsible for the precipitous decline of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Because the red-cockaded woodpecker provides important bionomical and economic benefits to both humans and the environment, we should strongly consider enacting a conservation plan for this species.The red-cockaded woodpecker, an inhabitant of mature pine forests and pine-grassland ecosystems from Maryland to eastern Texas, has had a roiling history within the last decade (Roise et al, 1990). Ten years ago, James documented a population decline in Americas largest be red-cockaded woodpecker population (1991). Of the 2,157 clusters, or living groups, contained in national forests, 693 of them were located in Florid... ...ed, J. M., Walters, J. R., Emigh, T. E., and Seaman, D. E. 1993. Effective population size in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers population and model differences. conservation Biology. 7(2)302-308.Roise, J., Chung, J., Lancia, R., and Lennartz, M. 1990 . Red-cockaded Woodpecker habitat and timber management production possibilities. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 14(1)6-12.Stangel, P. W., Lennartz, M. R., and Smith, M. H. 1992. Genetic variation and population structure of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Conservation Biology. 6(2)283-292.US geological Survey. April 2000. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. http//www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ resource/1998/forest/species/picobore.htmWilson, C. W., Masters, R. E., and Bukenhofer, G. A. 1995. Breeding bird response to pine-grassland community restoration for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management. 59(1)56-67.

William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is a Gothic Horror Tale :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

William Faulkner is widely considered to be one of the great American authors of the twentieth century. Although his greatest works atomic number 18 identified with a particular region and time (Mississippi in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries), the themes he explores are universal. He was also an extremely accomplished writer in a technical sense. Novels such as The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom feature bold experimentation with shifts in time and narrative. Several of his short stories are favorites of anthologists, including A Rose for Emily. This strange theme of love, obsession, and death is a favorite among both readers and critics. The narrator, speaking for the townsfolk of Jefferson in Faulkners fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, tells a series of stories about the towns reclusive spinster, Miss Emily Grierson. The stories build up to a gruesome revelation after Miss Emilys funeral. She ostensibly poisoned her lover, Homer Barron, and kept his corpse in an attic bedroom for over forty years. It is a common critical cliche to say that a story exists on many levels. In the case of A Rose for Emily, this is the truth. Critic Frank A. Littler, in an essay published in Notes on Mississippi Writers regarding the chronology of the story, writes that A Rose for Emily has been read variously as . . .a Gothic horror tale, a study in abnormal psychology, an allegory of the relations between North and South, a meditation on the nature of time, and a tragedy with Emily as a sort of tragic heroine. These various interpretations serve as a good startle point for discussion of the story. The Gothic horror tale is a literary form dating back to 1764 with the first novel identified with the genre, Horace Walpoles The Castle of Ontralto. Gothicism features an airwave of terror and dread gloomy castles or mansions, sinister characters, and unexplained phenomena. Gothic novels and stories also often include unnatural combinations of sex and death. In a remonstrate to students documented by Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner in Faulkner in the University Class Conferences at the University of Virginia 1957-1958, Faulkner himself claimed that A Rose for Emily is a ghost story. In fact, Faulkner is considered by many to be the progenitor of a sub-genre, the Southern gothic. The Southern gothic style combines the elements of classic Gothicism with particular Southern archetypes (the reclusive spinster, for example) and puts them in a Southern milieu.

Revolution :: essays research papers

RevolutionDestruction of statues, screaming in the streets, rash actions, hasty decisions, and adrenaline-influenced outbursts. Prim and proper, fancy meetings, organized schedules, time for tea, and the eyeshot of perfection. Total opposites are bound to clash at sometime or another, and for America, that time was now. The movie Revolution shows us movingly and realistically how the Revolutionary war was led up to, how the years of battles continued, and how finally victory was attained.Poor King George III had no idea what hit him. All of the colonies now had their own goernments to sparse on, their own Declaration of Independence already being passed out among the wad, and their own volunteer army. The famous Liberty or Death was their cry. No more repression for the people of America, they believed that God was on their side, and it was time for freedom. When the battles began, first they were tiny squabbles that were simple and not messy. But as time passed, so did being ci vilized, anything and everything that would hurt the enemy in any way that could be done, was done. For that reason, on top of others, hospitals were needed. They were lacking in every department except for amputation. But since sanitary conditions were impossible, almost all had their wounds infected, and would live from the aftermath of that. During battles there was always a flag present. No matter what happened, there was always someone carrying the flag. As soon as someone would array taken out, another would run and pick it up to show that you just cant keep a good man down. Also, when people travelled in and out of battle areas, they would need flags to show their business and whom they supported. For example, if a wagon came in that brought rations for the colonists, they would first need to pay a toll, have an American flag, and a white flag to show they werent in battle. But usually, and unfortunately, in the heat of madness and testosterone, those battle codes were not heeded. The fighting tactics were primitive. It usually was to make the other army move back a smidgen, take a break, then try again to kill, kill, kill. For the British, when a battle was won over a colony, they would parade through the streets with the remaining soldiers, the wounded and captured American soldiers. Any person who didnt support the British was taken prisoner and was used as examples for the others.

Conservation of Endangered Marsupials Essay -- Breeding Genetics Repro

Conservation of Endangered pouched mammals Marsupials are creatures that are a very ludicrous group of mammals. Many creatures are becoming threatened, and some have already pay back extinct. Threatened marsupials could be a pool of agricultural, medicinal, or genetic riches that we do not yet have the technology to utilize. There are many methods to conserving these genetic pools one of which is through reproduction manipulation. Artificial insemination, conceptus transfer, and atomic transfer are ways in which marsupials can be conserved if proper adjustments are made. Special considerations for artificial insemination of marsupials include equipment for collection and distribution, freezing, cryoprotectant and storage, and seasonality issues. Special considerations for embryo transfer include seasonality, collection, equipment for distribution, cryoprotectant and storage, and synchronizing both cycle and lactation of recipient. Special considerations of nuclear transfe r include seasonality, protecting the compromised embryo, uterine compatibility, gestation, and synchronization of both heat and lactation due to embryonic diapause. If all adjustments are considered, then successful artificial insemination, embryo transfer, or nuclear transfer can occur. Examples of such successes give be discussed as well as some trial and errors. With more(prenominal) research and technological development, conservation of endangered or threatened marsupials can become more efficient to ensure the survival of these genetic marvels.IntroductionMarsupials are very unique creatures with rare attributes which indicate the link between modern mammals and more primitive species. The possibility of extinction is threatening marsupial populations so... ...supials. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 13 653-659. Taggart, D. A. 1994. A Comparison of Sperm and Embryo Transport in the Female productive Tract of Marsupials and Eutherian Mammals. In Marsupial Re production Gametes, Fertilization, and Early Development Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 31-52. CSIRO Australia. Temple-Smith, Peter D. 2003. Integrating Reproductive Sciences into Recovery Programmes for Declining and Extinct Marsupial Populations. In Reproductive science and integrated conservation, ed. William Holt, Amanda Pickard, John C. Rodger, David Wildt. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh, Marilyn Renferee. 1987. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Youngs, Curtis. March 31, 2005. Personal Interview. Iowa State University. Dr. of Animal Science.

Conservation of Endangered Marsupials Essay -- Breeding Genetics Repro

Conservation of Endangered marsupials Marsupials are creatures that are a very anomalous group of mammals. Many creatures are becoming threatened, and some have already compel extinct. Threatened marsupials could be a pool of agricultural, medicinal, or genetic wealth that we do not yet have the technology to utilize. There are many methods to conserving these genetic pools one of which is through reproduction manipulation. Artificial insemination, fertilized egg transfer, and thermonuclear transfer are ways in which marsupials can be conserved if proper adjustments are made. Special considerations for artificial insemination of marsupials include equipment for collection and distribution, freezing, cryoprotectant and storage, and seasonality issues. Special considerations for embryo transfer include seasonality, collection, equipment for distribution, cryoprotectant and storage, and synchronizing both cycle and lactation of recipient. Special considerations of nuclear tra nsfer include seasonality, protecting the compromised embryo, uterine compatibility, gestation, and synchronization of both hotness and lactation due to embryonic diapause. If all adjustments are considered, then successful artificial insemination, embryo transfer, or nuclear transfer can occur. Examples of such successes get out be discussed as well as some trial and errors. With to a greater extent research and technological development, conservation of endangered or threatened marsupials can become more efficient to ensure the survival of these genetic marvels.IntroductionMarsupials are very unique creatures with rare attributes which indicate the link between modern mammals and more primitive species. The possibility of extinction is threatening marsupial populations so... ...supials. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 13 653-659. Taggart, D. A. 1994. A Comparison of Sperm and Embryo Transport in the Female reproductive Tract of Marsupials and Eutherian Mammals. I n Marsupial Reproduction Gametes, Fertilization, and Early Development Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 31-52. CSIRO Australia. Temple-Smith, Peter D. 2003. Integrating Reproductive Sciences into Recovery Programmes for Declining and Extinct Marsupial Populations. In Reproductive science and integrated conservation, ed. William Holt, Amanda Pickard, John C. Rodger, David Wildt. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh, Marilyn Renferee. 1987. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Youngs, Curtis. March 31, 2005. Personal Interview. Iowa State University. Dr. of Animal Science.

Features of the Indian Economy

UNIT 17 FEATURES OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY Structure 1 7. 0 Objectives 17. 1 Introduction 17. 2 Features of the Indian Economy 17. 3 Growth and Development 1 7. 4 Mixed Economy 1 7. 5 Demographic diversity 1 7. 6 Sectoral Composition of gross domestic product 1 7. 7 Employment Structure 1 7. 8 Inter-G everywherenmental Fiscal Relations 17. 9 al slump Us Sum Up 17. 10 Key Words 1 7. 1 1 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 17. 0 OBJECTIVES After going by means of this unit, you impart be able to identify the important features of the Indian parsimoniousness distinguish among economic maturement and economic ontogenesis explain the pattern of demographic transition in India xplain the celestial sphereal composition of the Indian economy and explain the pattern of employment in India. 17. 1 INTRODUCTION Let us begin with the banter economy. It denotes the operations and management of the economic system the activities related to product of goads and services, consumption, i nvestment funds, deepen of g d and services within the geogmphical territory, and exports and imports with rest of the world. You may waste detect that payoff of goods and services requires inputs such as labour, capital (machineries, buildings, etc. ) and raw materials.The inputs argon available in contain amount of money, i. e. , in that respect is a shortage of inputs. When these inputs argon used in the end product process, they essential to be paid just ab step forward reward. For example, if you want to employ a unit of labour you deplete to pay some wage to himher. Similarly, building freighter be hired by paying some rent or money can be borrowed by paying some interest. Ultimately utilization of inputs involves some termss. Thus the objective before the economy is to utilize the scarce re reservoirs efficiently so that drudgery of goods and services is maximized and cost is minimized. economical Development Now let us try to explain the structure of the Indi an economy. The word structure, as you know, implies the way in which something is organised or put together. Thus we should look into the way the Indian economy is organised. AmrdinglyY we will find out the major segments or firmaments of the Indian economy and the manner in whichthese sectors interact with one another. In order to keep our discussion brief we will focus on the readings in the Indian economy dukg the post-independence finis, detailly the period since five-twelvemonth plans started in India.To begin with, we find out the important features of the Indian economy. 17. 2 FEATURES OF THE INDLAN ECONOMY At the time of Independence the Indian economy was stagnant and super chthonic veritable. Agriculture was the backbone of the economy but agricultural activities were undertaken through obsolete technology. Industrial sector c o n t r i i very little to gross domestic product (gross domestic product). In order to give a direction to the economy the regimen initiate d economic panning in the form of Five category jut outs in. 195 1.Over the years the economy has witnessed increase in GDP, the composition qf GDP has changed, standard of living of people has improved, and in that respect has been ypgradation in level of technology. The important features of the Indian economy are as follows 1) The Indian economy is a developing economy. It has not yet reached the level of economic cultivation seen in America and Europe. 2) The 1ndid economy is a heterogeneous economy in the sense that both private sector and cosmos sector coexist and enrol in the production process. 3) It is c-zed by high creation density and population ripening. ) About one- third make of the population live below poverty line. Vicious round of drinks of poverty ope values in many sectors of the economy. 5) There is high level of unemployment and underanployment In addition, there is disguised unemployment in the agricultural sector. 6) The level of technology used in production process is low in many sectors. Modern technology has not been adopted in all sectors ofthe economy. 7) h aise a shortage ofphysical and economic inhstmcture. ransporhti&(nm ak, railways, airlines), indicant (electricity, gas), and communication (telephone, Internet) have not reached all parts of the country.Even some parts of the country do not have provisions for schools, colleges, hospitals, and safe drinking-water supply- Let us discuss some of the above issues in detail. 17. 3 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT economical ripening is a broader term than economic growth Economic growth usually means the growth in production of an economy. On the other hand, economic development includes other fsctors such as litemcyy health, child mortality ordinate govern, equality, regional balance, infbtmchrre, etc. Country GDP Per Capita GDP Per Capita (PPP US$) ( one-year growth roll) 1999 (1 990-99)United States 3 1,872 2. 0 United Kingdom 22,093 2. 1 France 22,897 1. 1 Mexico 8,297 1. 0 l3mil 7,037 1. 5 China 3,617 9. 5 * India 2,242 4. 1 Bangladesh 1,483 3. 1 Sri Lanka 3,279 4. 0 Nigeria 853 -0. 5 Tanzania 501 -0. 1 * The difference between economic growth and economic development is a subtle Features of the one. Let us take the example of a child. As a child grows her weight and height increases. Simultaneously, her capacity to leam, recognize and distinguish between objects develops. Thus growth is not sufficient we need development also.Similarly, in the case of the Indian economy economic growth is not enough we need economic development. We need better health of people, education for all, reduction in inequality among sections of people and regions, reduction in infant mortality rate (IMR), admission price to drinking water for all, etc. The government has to devise policies and allocate government uptake so that these facilities are available to all. Thus the additional income generated in the economy reaches the backward regions and the po orer sections of society.To achieve economic development we need economic growth. In a stagnant economy, where there is no economic growth, realization of economic development is dificult. Table 17. 1 India in the World Ecaoomy Source . World Development Report Measurement of the level of economic development is dificult, because it does not depend upon a single factor. There are a number of indicators of economic development. These indicators could be quite varied and too many. In Table 17. 1 we have attached the per capita GDP a extensive with annual growth rates of some of the economies.In order to sustain comparison possible we have given these figures in a comparable form (in purchasing index finger parity US$). You can see that Indian economy is not comparable to genuine economies. The per capita GDP in India is much lower than in developed countries. However, it has a higher(prenominal) growth rate compared to others. Note that some of the countries have very low GDP per capita and have experienced decline in it over time (see, Nigeria and Tanzania, Economic Development Apart fiom low per capita income India is far below the developed economies in terms of development indicators.Some of these indicators are consumption of electricity, literacy rate, access to safe drinking water, empowerment of women, etc. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) brings out a human development index by combining several indicators of development such as life expectancy, education, per capita income, and empowerment of women. According to Human Development Report 2001, India ranks 1 15 out of 162 countries in terms of human development index A dogmatic feature of the Indian economy is that it is not stagnant it is developing. It is one of the fastest outgrowth economies in the world.There have been improvements in life expectancy, literacy, and availability of infrastructure. 17. 4 MIXED ECONOMY As mentioned earlier the Indian economy is a mixed economy wher e private sector and public sector coexist and contribute to the production process. Some of the activities such as law and order, justice and defence have to be performed by the government. However, the government enters directly into production of goods and services which the private sector can also produce. The extent to which the government should involve itself in the production activities is a controversial issue.During the decades of 1960s and 1 970s the Indian government produced whatever it could and intervened in the production decisions (what to prodae, where to produce, what technology to use) of the private sector through a rigorous licensing policy. We will discuss or so the economic policy changes in India later in this block. Let us look into the reasons for undertaking production activities by the government. A producer in the private sector (usually motivated by higher profits) takes the risk of move up an industry, purchases inputs, produces create and sells the output in the market for a price.Imagine a situation where a producer produces a commodity or service but cannot sell it for a price because consumers cannot be excluded fiom its consumption. You may have find oneselfd that in certain cases the benefit derived by you is in no way going to obstruct others from deriving its benefit. An example of the above could be the provision of streetlight by the local government. Thus, if your populate puts a light in h n t of her menage, you enjoy the benefit that the front of your house also gets lighted and you do not have to pay for it.In this case there is a market failure in the sense that your neighbour cannot charge you for the benefit you derive. Thus she does not have any inpennyive to put a bulb in front of her house. On similar system of logic you also do not put a bulb in h n t of your house, which requires street lighting by the government. Secondly, inbtructure such as road, ports, dams, etc. , require huge investment but th e rate of return is very low in the short run. Thus no private entrepreneur would be interested in providing roads, which prompts the government to come forward.Thirdly, there are natural monopolies such as electricity genesis, railways, etc. , where a single producer can serve the entire market. Fourthly, there are certain production activities which have so much social benefits that the govemment should produce these goods and services (e. g. , schools and colleges, hospitals, banks, etc. ). Fifthly, the government may enter into production activities to fblfil some other social objectives instead ifprofit motive. These objectives could be employment generatiorl, regional balrncc, and social iplifot f the downtrodden.Thus there is a strong case for public sector production and Indian planners year Share of Public Sector Share of Private Sector 1 960-61 9. 9 90. 1 1970-71 13. 7 86. 3 1980-8 1 19. 5 80. 5 1990-9 1 25. 1 74. 9 1998-99 25. 1 74. 1 recognized it fbm the very beginnin g. We observe the presence of public sector Features of the in spin, hotels and restaurants, transport and communication, railways, . Indian conomy banks and other services. Share of Public and Private Sector in GDP Let us look into the parcel out of public sector in the GDP of M a (s ee Table 17. 2).In the financial year 1960-6 1 close to 10 per centime of GDP originated fiom the public sector. In the Five Year Plans e government expanded the role of the . government through more and emailprotected investment in various activities. As a result,. the share of public sector in GDB increased to nearly 14 per cent in 1970-7 1, about 20 per cent in 1980-8 1 and 25 per cent in 1990-91. However, many restrictions on private sector have been removed during the decade of the 1990s. As a result, the private sector has increased rapidly and the share of public sector has remained around 25 per cent.Check Your Progress 1 Note 3 hire the space given below for your answers. ni Check your an swers with those given at the end of the Unit. 1) Bring out the important fbtures of the Indian economy. .. .. .. . .. 2) Distinguish between growth and development. .. .. .. . . 5. .. Economic Development 3) What are the reasons for the government to enter into production activities? .. .. . .. .. .. 17. 5 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION India accounts for 2. 4 per cent of the world surface celestial orbit but it has 16. per cent of the world population. As per the 2001 census the population of India in 2001 was 102 crore. Thus India is the second country in the world to cross 1 jillion mark, the first one being China. However, belongings in view the fact that China has a much lower population growth rate (1. 4 per cent per year) compared to Indias 1. 93 per cent per year, India is likely to overtake China within a few decades. Change in the size of population takes ship through three demographic events birth, conclusion and migration. In the Indian economy migration has played a neg ligible role in population growth.Thus population growth is strikingly due to higher birth rate than death rate. In an economy there is a pattern in which demographic transition takes place. such(prenominal) transition can be divided into three stages. It has been observed that when the level of development is low in an economy both birth rate and death rate are high. As a result population growth rate is not that high. This is the first stage of demographic transition. When economic development takes place the economy moves on to the second stage death rate declines due to availability of health facilities and medicines but birth rate continues to remain high.This is the stage when there is a wide gap between birth rate and death rate, and population increases sharply. With M e r economic development, the economy moves on to the third stage -both birth rate and death rate are low. Consequently, population growth rate is again low in the third stage. All the developed economies ar e in the third stage of demographic transition. Table 173 I Demographic Transition in India Year. Population Birth dictate Death Rate Population manner (in crore) (per 1000) (per 1000) Growth Rate Expectancy (% per annurn) (in years) 1950-51 36. 1 39. 9 27. 4 1. 5 32. 1 1960-61 43. 9 41. 7 22. 8 1 . % 41. 3 1970-71 54. 8 36. 9 14. 9 2. 20 45. 6 1980-81 68. 3 33. 9 12. 5 2. 22 50. 4 1990-91 84. 6 29. 5 9. 8 2. 14 58. 7 2000-01 102. 7 25. 8 8. 5 1. 93 62. 5 In the case of India during the pre-independence period both birth rate and death Features of the rate were quite high. As a result, population grew at a lower rate. As you can Indian Economy see from Table 17. 3 population growth rate during 1950-5 1 was only 1. 25 per cent per mum. However, population growth rate accelerated afterwards and 4 i reached a peak during 1980-81.A positive sign is that in the recent census the annual population growth rate has come down below 2 per cent. Some of the affirms such as Kerala, Tamilna du and Punjab have reached a reasonably lower birth rate. However, in some of the major states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh population growth rate is very high. Life expectancy indicates the number of years a newborn child is expected to . . swvive. It has increased from about 32 years in 1950-5 1 to more than 60 years at present. As a result, the percentage of the aged people in India has increased.On the other hand, a decline in birth rate has resulted in a decline in the percentage of children in the country. 4 17. 6 SECTORAL COMPOSITION OF GDP Let us look into the composition of GDP in India and the changes in it over h e . The composition of GDP in India has undergone substantial changes since 1950- 51. The share of agriculture has declined while that of industrial and service sectors has increased. Economic activities can be divided into three categories primary activities, secondary activities and third activities.Primary activities include i) ag riculture, ii) fore and logging, and iii) fishing. Secondary activities include i) mining and quq& ii) d t u r i n g , iii) electricity, gas and water supply, and iv) construction Tertiary activities include i) trade, ii) hotels and restaurant, iii) transport (railways, road, air, waterways), iv) storage, v) communication, vi) banking and imurance, vii) real estate, and viii) public administration and defence. The 3rd activities are also called senrice activities. , Table 17. 4 Sectoral Composition of GDP Source National Accounts Statistics of IndiaEconomic Development On the basis of Table 17. 4 we make the following observations Agriculture and allied activities (p* sector) contributedmore than half of the GDP in 1950-5 1. The share of agriculture and allied activities has continuously declined over the years and contributed only 24. 2 per cent in the year 2000-01. Of this, agriculture contributed 22. 2 per cent while forestry and logging, and fishing contributed about 1 per cent each. The share of services sector has increased from 28 per cent in 1950-5 1 to 48. 5 per cent in 2000-01.For the year 2005-06 the share of services sector is estimated to be 54 per$ent of GDP. Thus services sector contributes more than half of the GDP at present. The share of secondary sector has increased fiom 14. 3 per cent in 1950-51 to 27. 3 per cent in 2000-01. after it declined to 26. 1 per cent in 2005-06. The decline in the share of the primary sector in GDP has taken place as the secondary and 3rd sectors have registered higher growth rate than the primary sector. In fact, the government has attempted to promote the secondary and tertiary sectors.If we look into the sectoral composition of GDP of the developed economies, we find that primary sector contributes less than 5 per cent of GDP. Most of the GDP comes fiom the service sector (about 70-80 per cent). So the developments in the Indian economy can be considered to be a positive aspect. A problem area, however, is t he composition of employment, as we will see in the next Section. It is worth mentioning that of the 27. 3 per cent share in 2000-01 manufacturing sector contributes 17. 2 per cent to the GDP. The remaining 10. 1 per cent comes tiom mining and quarrying (2. per cent), electricity, gas and water supply (2. 5 per cent) and construction (5. 3 per cent). Remember that manufacturing, and electricity, gas and water supply work the industrial sector. In the industrial sector we have both private sector and public sector on the basis of ownership. Very often another distinction is made organised sector and unorganized sector. In fact, as per the Industrial crook 195 1 all the industries employing more than 10 workers if production is through use of power (20 workers if production takes place without use ofpower) are lequiredto register with the RegisErar of Indu.These industrial units tidl under the category registered-sector or organized-sector. The remaining industrial units, mostly sma ll scale, are termed unorganized sector. In the year 2000-01 the unorganized sector contributed 6 per cent to GDP compared to 1 1. 2 per cent by the organised sector. In the year 1950-5 1 both organized and unorganized sectors contributed almost equally to GDP at 4. 5 per cent each. Period National Per Capita Income Income First Five Year Plan (1 95 1-56) 3. 6 1. 8 Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) 4. 1 2. 0 Third Five Year Plan (1 96 1-66) 2. 5 0. 2 Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) 3. 1 . O Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) 5. 0 2. 7 Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-85) 5. 4 3. 2 , Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) 5. 8 3. 6 Eighth Five Year Plan (1 992-97) 6. 7 4. 6 Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) 5. 4 3. 5 Features of the . Indian Eeonomy Table 175 Annual Growth Rntes (per cent per mum, 1993-94 prices) Source Economic Survey 2001-02 From Table 17. 5 we observe that for the period 1950-75 the average annual growth rate of national income was quite low (around 3. 5 per cent). On the other hand, during thi period 1975-2000 the average annual growth rate has been around 5. per cent. A similar trend is observed in the per capita income of India Per capita income is defined as national income divided by total population of the country. It is obtained by subtrachg population growth rate h m growth rate of national income. We should mention that before 1975 growth rate in national income was comparatively lower while population growth rate was higher. As a result, per capita income increased at a very low rate (a little over 1 per cent per annum). On the other hand, after 1975 growth rate in national income was higher while population growth started slowing down.Consequently, per capita income increased at a relatively higher rate. During the period 1W-2002 per capita income h2ls i n d at around 4 per cent per mum. 17. 7 EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE India being the second largest country in tern of population, it has a large labour force (people who are able to and willing to work). I n the year 1999-2000 there were 39. 7 crore employed workers in the country, which is about 40 per cent of the total population. The remaining 60 per cent population in the country are dependents. Thus for every worker there is 1. dependents. These dependents constitute children, aged and the unemployed. Because of high population growth rate the percentage of children in India is higher than in developedcountries. 13 Economic Devebpmnt Table 17. 6 Sectoral s om seedpod ti on ofrnployment Sector 1983 1993-94 1999-2000 Primary Sector Secondary Sector Service Sector . Total Total Employment (in crore) Agriculture has been the main source of employment in India. During the period 1950-70 it provided employment opportunity to more than two-third of the labour force.We mentioned earlier that the share of the primary sector (agriculture and allied activities) in GDP has declined over time in Indian economy. For the year 2000-01 primary sector contributed 24. 2 per cent of the GDP. Compar e this with the employment share In the year 1999-2000 nearly 60 per cent of the labour force were occupied in agriculture. We observe that the decline in GDP share of the primary sector is not accompanied by a corresponding decline in employment share. An implication is that workers employed in primary sector have a very low productivity than in secondary and tertiary sector.In the developed economies less than five per cent of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. It has been made possible by using modem technology and mechanization of agriculture. In some parts of India modem technology is employed in agriculture. However, a majority of farmers in India continue to we obsolete technology. A second implication is that there are too many people engaged in agriculture. In fiwt, agriculture has been a way of life for the households engaged in the agri- activities. Very few children look for employment outside agriculture.And those who do not get employment anywhere else start working in the family have land. As a result, often we see a feature termed disguised unemployment in Indian agriculture. It is a situation where a person is engaged llly in agriculture but his contribution is zero. It implies that if we take away the worlcer agricultural output will not decline. Suppose five pemons &working in a celestial orbit and the output is 10 tomes of wheat. If we reduce the number of workers to four, then also output will remain the same. Thus the fifth worker worked in the field, but he is as good as unemployed, because his contribution is zero.It has been a policy of the government to shift the additional labour hxce in the agricultural sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. Recall that service sector contributes more than half of the GDP but provides employment to less than onefourth of the labour force. Thus the productivity of labour is higher in the service sector. 17. 8 INTER-GOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS As you are aware India follows a democr atic form of government, which is federal in nature. We have diffmt layem of govemment with specific powq and 14 Features of the Indian Economy esponsibilities defined by the Indian Constitution. Taking into account the amendments made so far the Constitution provides for three layers of government Central, State and Local. In order to carry out its responsibilities the government at each level has been assigned powers to impose taxes on individuals and organizations innovationd on criteria such as income, expenditure, production and certain economic transactions. The major source of revenue for the central government is income tax (on individuals and corporations), central excise, and custom duties (on imports of goods).On the other hand, there is a long list of taxes assigned to the states (including taxes on alcoholic beverages, agricultural income, and land) but the major source of tax revenue for the states is the sales tax. The tax base of the local governments is limited to local services and production. We have to keep certain things in mind while analyzing inter-govemmenth financial relations. One, there should be no fiscal overlapping so that the same tax should not be imposed by more than one layer of government.The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution specifies the manner in which taxes are to be imposed by the central and state level govemments. Two, taxation power is assigned to a particular level of government keeping in view the geographic area oh which the impact of the tax is felt. Thus the tax categories assigned to the burden are generally broad-based and their impact is felt beyond state boundaries. Three, the residual power with respect to taxation remains with the central government. While exercising such power the Centre introduced service tax during 1990s on the provision of specific services.Recall fiom Section 17. 7 of this unit that the share of s e c essec tor in GDP is more than half and its share is increasing over th e. Service tax is slated to be an important source of revenue in times to come. Four, imposition of taxes and hation of tax rates is a proposition of political economy. In order to fbrther political interests governments have many times in the past waived taxes or excluded certain categories from taxation. A widely debated issue in this context is imposition of taxes on agricultural income, which is a state subject and state governments have invariably avoided taxation of rural rich.It has given rise to widespread tax evasion as individuals take advantage of the concession allowed to fanners and report non-agricultural income as agricultural income. Five, there is a mismatch between the tax base and the responsibilities assigned to different layers of govemments. The states have always complained about inadequate revenue compared to their expenditure. Similarly, there is shortage of funds at local government level compared to the expenditure they carry out. Six, tax base is uneven ly distributed across states.For example, rich states have a relatively higher share of people who pay taxes. Similarly, relatively higher amount of excise duties is collected fiom industrially better off areas. In order to tackle the problems of inadequate tax revenue at the state level, the Centre transfers h d to the states. Apart from meeting the gap between revenue and expenditure the decadence of funds to subordinate layers of government has the effect of bringing in regional balance in economic development over time. There are three modes of transfer of h d s fiom the Centre to the states.First, the bosom collects certain taxes (particularly, personal income tax and excise duties) and allocates a share of the tax proceeds to the states. In order to streamline such allocation the constitution provides for setting up of a Finance Commission every five years, which suggests criteria of such sharing between the Centre and the states on the one hand, and amongst different state s on the other. So flir twelve Finance Commissions have been set up and each Finance commission Economic Development while suggesting such formulae have been poverty, backwardness, tax effort, fiscal discipline and population.The second mode of transfer of fhds h m the Centre to the states is the grants and loans extended to states for implementing development plans. As you know, while preparing the Five Year Plans the Centre sets targets and investments by different sectors of the economy. Against this backdrop the states prepare their annual plans which is approved by the Planning Commission. The states receive grants and loans h m the Centre which supplement the revenue generated at the state level. The Planning Commission allocates fhds to states as per formula devised by the National Development Council.For major states the ratio of grants to loan is 3070. The third mode of transfer of h d s h m the Centre to the states is the grants given by central ministries to their counter parts in different states for specified projects. Such projects are wholly M e d by the Centre (under central schemes) or the states are asked to contribute a proportion of the cost (in the case of 1 centrally sponsored schemes). The devolution offhds from the Centre to the states has been a matter of political economy.The allocation of funds across states, particularly by the Planning Commission and Central Ministries, is riddled with bargaining power of the state government, presence of pressure groups, and political interests rather than balanced economic growth. The grants extended to local bodies by the states is mostly discretionary and no set convening is formulated so far. The adoption of value added tax (VAT) by states in lieu of sales tax has opened up fhxh debates on tax base of the state governments. Check Your Progress 2 Note i) Space given below for your answers. i) Check your answers with those given at the end of the unit. 1) Explain the three stages of demographic transition. .. .. .. .. . .. 2) What are the changes. observed in the sectoral composition of GDP-in India? .. .. . .. .. 16 3) Explain the concept of disguised unemployment. Features of the IndinEconomy .. . .. .. 4) What are the modes of transfer of h d s h mth e Centre to the States? 5) State whether the following statements are true or false. a) Unorganised sector is also called registered sector. b) In developed economies primary sector contributes a large share in GDP. ) Productivity of labour is higher in the tertiary sector than in the primary sector. 17. 9 LET US SUM UP Indian economy is considered to be a developing economy. At the time of Independence the agricultural sector contributed about 50 per cent of the GDP. Over the years its share has decreased to about 22 per cent of GDP which means that the share of industrial and service sectors is increasing. This is a positive development. But agricultural sector employs about 60 per cent of the labour force and this perce ntage is not declining which is a matter of concern.India is the second largest in terms of population and it is still maturation at a very high rate. About one-third of the population in the country are poor. There is considerable underemployment and unemployment in the economy also. The federal nature of government in India requires interaction among different layers of government according to set rules. It is also desirable to achieve consistency between revenue generation and government expenditure to carry out responsibilities at each layer of government. Keeping in view the shortage of funds at the state level the Centre provides grants and loans to the states.India has made radical changes in her economic policies since 1991. Economic libedzation has resulted in setting up of more industries and the level of technology has improved. The annual growth rate of GDP has increased to about 6 per cent during the liberalization period. Its export potential also has improved and In dia Economic Development has a strong fareign exchange reserve. We will discuss the changes in economic policy, popularly termed economic reforms in subsequent units. 17. 10 KEY WORDS Constant Prices Disguised Unemployment Financial YearGross Domestic Product (GDP) National Income Per Capita Income Public Sector National income in money terms would increase because of two factors i) increase in quantity produced, and ii) increase in price of commodities. In order to neutralize the effect of price increase national income is expressed in terms of prices of a particular year, called base year. When we say that GDP is given in terms of 1993-94 prices, GDP of all the years are adjusted for price changes so that growth in GDP is due to increase in quantity w. A person is considered to be disguisedly nemployed if hisher contribution to total output is zero. Even if we withdraw the worker from work, output will not decline. Let us take an example. For the year 2004, calendar year is from January 1 to December 3 1. On the other hand, financial year 2004-05 is h m April 1,2004 to March 3 1, 2005. It is the total amount of final goods and services produced within the geographical tenitory of the economy. It does not include intermediate goods and service, i. e. , goods and services that are not consumed directly but used for M e r production. Moreover, it does not include second hand sales ecause it does not reflect production rather it is a change of ownership of goods produced earlier. It is also called net national product (NNP). It is the total of final goods and services produced . by Indian nationals (both within the country and residing abroad) negatively charged the amount of dqmiation during the production process. If we add the amount of depreciation to NNP we get GNP. Remember that GNP is different from GDP. In GDP of India we include final goods and sexvices produced within the geographical territory of India (both by Indian and foreign nationals).It is n ational income divided by total population of the country. , -ha. . It includes the economic activities undertaken by the government. Vicious Circle of Poverty It reflects a flow of inter-related economic activities that keep an economy under-developed. According to Ragnar Nurkse underdeveloped economies have low rate of saving which gives rise to low rate of investment. Due to low rate of investment, low level technology is employed in production activities. Because of low level of technology, output produced is lower. Consequently, saving is low and the cycle

Managing Human Resources, Diethelm Travel Sri Lanka

Abstract The re look to sets turn out to evaluate the impact of employee pauperism, Leadership and fellowship and the governingal culture of predicament impress Sir Lankan with usage out to employee performance and gaining competitive advantage in its respective market. This research enables me to high gearlight my time working at plight Travels and to identify problems with gaze to the proposed headics and to recognize possible solutions within the textiles of Human Resource Management.Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan Dilemma Travels is one of Sir Lands leading destination management companies which boasts over 35 eld of experience. Formerly which is get laidn as Hem Tours, and in 2009 Hem Tours merged with Dilemma Travel Thailand. Their main focus is to provide customize quality driven travel experiences to their valued customers in the world. Their service Includes representing tour operations, handling frequent travelers and group Inclusive tours, transport services etc.F rom an Internal point of view they value employees need to learn and bring to reach desired heights and to fulfill career aspirations. To support this Dilemma Travels Sir Lankan provides recognized dressing programs, career guidance for newborn employees to develop inherent capabilities and draw new skills. With an discernment of the fact that continues learning is essential for professional growth for an item-by-item and corporate train the management Invests goodly amount of resources of employees for them to develop their competencies.The experience provided for the talented employee group working at Dilemma Travels, handsome rewards, compensation packages that challenges the highest in the country, attractive annual performance bon social occasions, medical insurances and weekly fillness programs for desirable employees are some of the motivations boosters used by the company. With this level of Importance and considering the current state of Dilemma Travels and their operations with regard to their culture, leadership and the level of motivation provided for employees the fight between current practices and possible gains mustiness be addressed.Problem Statement Considering the current working standards of Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan it is evident that the majority of the younger employees have considerable fashion for expansion to better themselves as professionals. But in recent years these professionals seeking other opportunities opt to result the company In search of career progression. This Issue has given me the motivation to find out the reasons behind this Issue. With this in mind I conducted the research in order to find out the route causes contributing to this problem.This study testament show the level of motivation and employee satisf satisfy within Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan which will enable me to identify utter problems, if there are any with regard to the given criteria. If identified to formulate solutions or to give rec ommendations accordingly. 1. What forms of motivation are on hand(predicate) to employees of the Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan? 2. What factors be active workforce near in the Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan? . What role(s) does motivation play on employees performance in Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan? 4. What is the correlation between motivation and employee performance in the Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan?Understanding the importance of employee motivation Increased Productivity With motivated employees from an internal or from an external source shows irritation for work which in turn provides better performance. If motivation is provided employees will work hard to set and reach goals. Companies that offers challenging jobs must provide a framework that lets the employee know that the management rusts their abilities to perform which gives them confidence to complete their given tasks. This sort of attitudes of the work force brings forth increase productivity which is very beneficial for an ecesis. bimodal Bath, 2011) Improved Employee Morale In order to boost employee morale continues motivation is necessary. A work force with high morale is ready to take up any challenge without any issue. This high surface team created in the employees mindset provides added values for an organization with slight absenteeism and employee conflicts. (Bimodal Bath, 2011) Increase Loyalty Increased obedience is gained by an organization with employee motivation. Recruiting and training new staff is an expensive task for any company therefore a loyal work force is essential to gain a good reputation in the market and to reduce this added expenditure. Chowder, M. (1997),) Better Creativity The passion towards their Jobs enables employees to express their views and ideas freely. This fact gives them the assurance and the understanding of their primary(prenominal) position within the organization so that they can contribute more towards the betterment of themselves that advance bring s benefits for the company. Enhancing the creative factor is therefore essential and the manages have to shape a motivational structure and a leadership stylus that facilitates employees in providing new suggestions, ideas and methods of expansion with regard to delivering cost effective performance. (N.D. Baboon, 2011) Individual growth and progress A motivated workforce takes up new tasks regardless of how challenging it might be and would provide best efforts in completing them. For this reason further learning and training programs are essential. The environment created within an organization tit regard to completion is also an added motivational factor for employees to increase performance. All these factors comes unneurotic in forming expertise within a workforce of an organization. These experts and their efforts must be carefully evaluated and appreciated by given the appropriate appraisal and promotion opportunities.Criteria 1 Out of 40 employees, questionnaire has been distributed to 10 males and 10 females as per table 1. 1 below. 1. 1 IP -Increased Productivity MIME -Increased Employability IL -Incrementally SC-Better Creativity GIG -Individual outgrowth and Improvement years. Most of respondents are found from the age of 18 24 range and there are no employees found above 45 years from study area. Table 1. Present the age distribution of employees. 1. BC-Better Creativity 18 years to 24 years category shows tremendous growth of productivity, morale, trueness, better creativeness and individual growth and improvement comparing to other age categories. This category represents teenagers and very young crowd of the company who are mainly working in the operational level and at a trainee level. And according to Abraham Moscow in his Hierarchy of Need, those within this category are preoccupied with higher order demand such as esteem and self-actualization, having had their lower order needs taken care off (Moscow,1943).Criteria 3 A motivated p erson has the awareness of particularised goals which must be procured in specific ways therefore he/she take ons its effort to achieve such goals (Nell et al. , 2001). Motivated person has more energy to achieve their specific goals than denominated person. In Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan after observing along the staff categories (Table 1. 3), I have noniced some changes between senior level, tactical level and operational level employees. When productivity and employee morale is considered operational level employees progression is higher than others.Tactical level employees shows low values in all the categories. At the same time senior level member are showing progression in individual growth and improvement than others. 1. 3 While assessing above situation, we can identify lack of progression in tactical level employees. This means there are some difficulties in that level and there is less opportunity to excise forward from tactical level. Factors that Motivate Employees at utilisation While considering motivational factors which we discussed earlier, the following is an overall assessment with regard to the employees of Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan.According to Herrings (1959), Hygiene factors relate to satisfaction at work and also e suggest that managers can give their employees more authority to their Job and offer them direct and individual feedback in order to motivate and help employees to connect to their work (Wartime,2007). Productivity, morale, individual growth and improvement are higher than other factors. This means most of the employees are performing well and at the same time they are able to do the work with minimum supervision. On the other hand employee loyalty and their creativity have gone down.This will affect the company growth indirectly hence employees searching better opportunities for their career development opt to leave the company. Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan should take necessary actions to build up employee loyalty and thei r creativity. The Rennins Liker Theory could be adopted in such instances where it mainly focuses on high performing managers changing their perspective and addressing key motivating factors which enables these frustrated employees to change their own perspective and helps them to be accepted in a supportive group.Findings Forms of motivation available to workers The motivational packages given to the workforce at Dilemma Travel is considerably inadequate. This situation is substantially worse in the operational level. At the actual level it shows similar trend as to the operational level. The senior management however are entitled to professional allowances, entertainment allowances, as some of the added incentives available to them. The room for improvement and career progression is considerably poor at the tactical level.Employees at Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan confirm that if the working environment is conductive they will be motivated to give better performance. Some of them perc eive efficient work. As stated by Herbert (1959) the hygiene factors effects and concentrate on workplace satisfaction. Employee Job Performance The fiber of Motivation Motivation being crucial factor as presented by Robert (2005) a managers Job is to ensure the work make through employee is possible.With regard to Job performance the evidence show that encouragement is crucial and conferred to the workforce who will help them to expand and deliver. Reward for Good Work Done At Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan monitory rewards in the forms of overtime allowances and in form of bonuses are provided as preferred forms of motivation. According to Broom (1964) bulk are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are going to get it It is advisable for the management to reward employees by understanding their desires and structuring their incentives accordingly.Leadership and fellowship Effective leadership is a personal role that requires the blending of motiva tional, strategic and management skills to align focus, energy and drive whilst creating a culture which encourages individual thinking and attainment. Ultimately leadership is about pushing ideas and thoughts forward, bearing responsibility and aspirations to bring out the confidence of others. Leaders are required to have greater project leadership and influencing skills than in the past.Summary of some key leadership skills Managerial keep track of progress against targets and take action on slippage Trustworthy blab out honestly and openly and expect the same from others Aware understand each individuals abilities, limitations, motives and drivers Influential use vision, argument and important stakeholders to sway opinion Visionary know what needs to be achieved and how to go about achieving it Inspirational create and bring to life an image of how things can be ASCII (1998) have narrated that Managing People a Critical Role for Every Manager, ND when it comes to managing populate, all managers must be concerned to some degree.The leaders at Dilemma Travels must focus on the following, Transparent and modern system of recruitment and induction of employees. Better and extensive training facilities and chances. Programmed / designated on Job training and courses. Strategies implemented to provide mental relaxation within the environment. size up and control system is standardized. The time management in private organization is implemented. Working under innovative concept of efficiency / effectiveness. Flexibility in ideas and procedure implementation. peeled Technology is given preference. Effective and prompt means of communions are used. Personal welfare and efficiency of employees leads to better out put. 16. Probability of misuse of power.At Dilemma Travels, the leaders are mainly chosen by the qualities and traits get down which states certain people have inherited characteristics or personality traits therefore limited training is provid ed for the managers with regard to managing people. This poses a number of drawbacks as situational factors and employee behaviour within the organization is ignored. Almost all of the managers eve an autocratic behavioral style of leadership that very much neglect employee input towards decision making. Many tactical level staff believes that a democratic approach by the managers would be beneficial for employee motivation and for the organization as a whole. An argument can be made for an autocratic method at the senior managerial level where quick decisions must be made and team agreement is not always necessary for a successful outcome.With Linens three participatory leadership styles conclude that the most effective style is democratic and extensive alternative styles lead to revolution and denomination. Understanding the situation and formulating contingencies are some key skills that a leader should consider. The three types of forces (situation, follower, and leader) that were identified by Attainment and Schmidt in 1958, understood and used properly could benefit the managers at Dilemma Travels. The main problem that I see is the lack of training provided to the people who considered being leaders of the company. The level of action centered leadership that is needed mainly in the operational and tactical levels of the organization is inconsistent that forces employees to show denominated behavior to work with different managers.When assessing the qualities with the transformational method a leader is able to examine and search for the needs and motives of others while seeking a higher agenda of needs. performing as the change element and a visionary a transformational leader is capable of stir people and with a clear vision is able to come in enthusiasm and energy. At Dilemma Travels it is holy person to adopt this method of leadership as transformational leaders show integrity, and they know how to develop a robust and inspiring vision of the future. They deviate people to achieve this vision, they manage its delivery, and they build ever stronger and more successful teams.However, managers must often need to adapt different styles to fit a specific group or situation, and this is why its useful to gain a thorough understanding of other styles as well. A method must be developed at Dilemma Travels in order to provide this knowledge to the managers with a structured training programmer that will enable them to use these theories for the betterment of the organization. Organizational culture the personality of an organization that guides how employees think and act on the Job is central to the values, beliefs, inter-personal behaviors, and attitudes to stakeholders that determine how the organization does its Job.Culture is a key factor not only in achieving organizational goals, but in attracting and keeping desirable employees, creating a positive public image, and building respectful relationships with stakeholders. I n his seminal 1992 work entitled Organizational Culture and Leadership, Edgar H. Scheme, Professor Emeritus in the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offered a definition of what he called an empirically based abstraction. Organizational culture, he said, is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that was learned by a group as it solve its problems of external adaptation and internal integration.Culture is important because it shapes What the organization considers to be right decisions What employees consider to be appropriate behaviors and how they interact with each other within the organization How individuals, work groups and the organization as a whole deal with work assigned to them The speed and efficiency with which things get done The organizations electrical condenser for and receptiveness to change The attitudes of outside stakeholders to the organization In short, an organizations culture can be supportive of or hinder the imple mentation of new initiatives and the achievement of its overall goals. Does the organizational culture at Dilemma Travels need a change?As highlighted by the study many employees at Dilemma Travels are unhappy with the working conditions and the environment. To solve this issue the best possible way is to start at the core framework of the organization which is its culture and move on to the leadership styles and employee motivation. When an organization is faced by a changing marketplace or regulatory environment, or has identified the need for a shift key in strategic direction, the implementation of a new technology, or the introduction of new processes, the established culture may impede progress unless it, too, is changed. For that reason, the success of major organizational change initiatives are almost always dependent on internal cultural change Edgar H. Scheme. Circumstances change Stakeholder expectations The demographics of the organization change recent technologies ar e deployed A proactive method must be adopted at Dilemma Travels in order to bring this hanged. A step-by-step top down approach could be beneficial for the organization in this regard. Design and Build phases of implementation Visioning session(s) with key stakeholders and consultation assessment (performance against picture) Leadership coaching & action planning Team renewal (team-building) Change readiness Identification & enrolment of change agents within the organization Identification of impacts of new technology & processes on individuals agent training Employee Workshops Implementation stage Executive briefings on the initiative Change leadership plan Communication planOrientation session for project team members Training plan for team members Change leadership training Team building sessions Leadership alignment The deliver and operate face Workforce transition support including tie in HER policies & programs training performance evaluation compensation reward and recogni tion career development and planning Skills gap analysis Change The management should ensure that communication process should flow in all directions, upward, downward, in parallel to reach outsiders results. For the operational level staff providing added rewards along with their monthly alarm would be an ideal method to increase motivation. The poorly structured working schedule for all the level of employees is another issue that needs to be addressed. Identifying employees living condition, traveling methods, non-work related to commitments and responsibilities an arranging possible methods to create a better scenario is another contributing factor to increase motivation.Creating new Job opportunities which will help the current employees with regard to career progression is one of the essential steps that could be taken to keep the expertise within the company Leadership needs assessment for improvement. For improvement of behavior skill and traits of personality to perform be tter leadership roles. Positive reinforcement methods must be taken with regard to new innovative ideas. At the present stage an employees efforts to contribute new ideas to a certain department or the company itself is constantly met with an indulgence but a pathetic approach by the senior management. (Negative Reinforcement) This contributes to discouragement of making further suggestions and may even consider of leaving the job.In an instance, by comparison if an employee is encouraged to assisting in the placement by providing new ideas (Positive Reinforcement) would benefit and generate better ideas. When considering distribution of rewards the management must understand that each employee idea of an ideal incentive would be different from another. It is wise for the management to reward workers according to their hearts desires than providing them with something that may not please them. Which intern creates a denominating factor believing that they are not properly salaried for their efforts The research shows that many employees of Dilemma Travel Sir Lankan would

As Separate Peace Essay

It has connections between elementsis and the fall of man throughout the book underlining the main story. Genesis and the fall of man are used in the novel solely to understand human nature and the good and evil living inside everyone. Throughout the book the protagonist Gene, puts himself in a competition with his best friend and biggest enemy Finny. Finny is the perfect athlete and caries along innocence and pure thoughts of life sentence itself and others around him. Gene and Finny both(prenominal) show representations of Cain and Abel as well as the creation of man with Adam and Eve.Much like Cains avariciousy towards his brother Abel, Gene is very jealous and envious of Finny. Abel was the pure and honest brother who carried out all of Gods orders and pleased him very much, while Cain was the complete opposite. He was seen as rather corrupted and sinful. Gene, in this way, is portraying Cain because in the novel Gene realizes the strong hold that sin has on him and the stro ng hold on it has on his soul, and he says It was hardly about ignorance inside me, some crazy thing inside me, something blind, thats all it was (183).Unfortunately, Gene becomes overpowered by his jealousy towards Finny just as Cain did towards Abel. Genes jealousy takes control of his mind and body when he finally realizes he will neer be as perfect as Finny. He will neer be as good athletically or he will never be as good morally and mentally either. Gene says in that location never was and never could have been any rivalry between us. I was non of the same quality as he (59). Which shows he knows that he will never win with Finny there.The pain of Gene knowing this makes him make a very unreasonable and ridiculous action that he regrets the rest of his life. Holding severely to the trunk, I took a step forward and I jounced the limb. Finny, his balance gone, swung his head around to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, stony-b roke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening thud (52). The story in Genesis of Cain and Abel is exceedingly similar to that. Now Cain state to his brother Abel, Lets go out to the field. And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him (Genesis 48).These two incidents directly parallel each other and give away much about human nature. When Gene finally admits to the realization that he will never beat Finny or get close to his level he subconsciously lets his jealousy kill the better man inside of him so what is left is an empty soul. The fall of Adam and Eve is also coinciding with Genes tremendous fall in the novel. In Genesis, the story of Adam and Eve is set in the Garden of Eden. In the garden there was no sin, suffering or pain. Everyone was happy and had everything they wanted.The one thing God told Adam and Eve was to stay away from the tree of knowledge of good and evil and to not eat the fruit from that tree, ye t that was too much to ask. When the woman saw the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he also ate it (Genesis 36). This sin had grave consequences such as the eyes of both of them were loose and they realized they were naked so they sewed fig-leaves together and made coverings for themselves (Genesis 37).Genes sin had similar results from when he shook the tree and Finny fell, his life changed largely. The impact of his actions struck him extremely hard and at once he became ashamed and embarrassed of what he did, just as Adam and Eve were of their bleakness so they hid. Genes shame relates to the story of Adam and Eve but not just that, it relates to a large population of people immediately and this is the point Knowles was making and why he related his book to Genesis.As humans, people are automatically going to hide their transgress ions behind something else and thats just human nature. To be able to fully understand this novel you need to know about creation and the fall of man. In every human there is good and there is evil, it will come out at different times and one might overpower the other, but there is till both. Cain and Abels story, along with Adam and Eves story equally show how the evil overpowered Gene.

Business Culture and Strategy

Student name Course title telephone line kitchen-gardening and schema SCN Outcome No. 1-5 Group Access name Report for Business Cultural & Strategy of J D Wetherspoon confederacy Date Content I. insane asylum 2 II. treatment 2 Section 1 External Environment 2 SPELT analysis2 SWOT analysis 4 The focus spend on how to conduct a SWOT analysis5 Section 2 Organization culture6 Business culture divided values & taken for granted assumption 6 iv sheaths for goernance culture7 Culture influences fundamental law conduct 8 An opposite(a) organization culture for J D Wetherspoon 9 Section 3 Business Strategy9 Business dodge definition and types10Business strategy for J D Wetherspoon and benefits 11 Comp are two different strategies how to affect the behaviors12 Some factors changing business strategy 13 Business strategy and strategic prize14 The key issues had to take account in sound out to manage the strategy15 Section 4 diversity16 Use forcefulnesss for diversify medita te the remove reason16 admit one factors and definition 17 The effective charge role for change18 The advice to champion the guild analysis the change19 III. Conclusion 20 IV. Recommendation 20 V. abduce 21 I. Introduction This repot go away discuss the business culture and strategy of the JD Wetherspoon.At first, the changes in the orthogonal environment which J D Wetherspoon has faced since it was plunge in 1979 are analyzed. The second is clear the relationship in the midst of organization culture and organization behavior. The third is that compare and definition distinctly the strategies of the company so that they green goddess use to deal with the change in the future and how counselling elicit cope with change will be advised as follow. II. Discussion Section 1 External environment 1. The examples of social, technological, economic, political and legal factors which amaze affected the way the organization has behaved. Socio-cultural factor The higher style wil l make up the demand of the drinking. In 1980s, many people wanted to have a rather place for family gather and friends playing or conversation. This changing brought considerable opportunities to barrooms evolution (Quain, 2009). ?The kinds of public entertainment places are limit. The mo nonone eatery bunghole not following the step of peeled age. This is also a right opportunity for pubs schooling (Quain, 2009). Political factor ?The government form _or_ system of government not encourages the pubs. The government not encourages the pubs so that the purchase approaches decreased and the price increased (Quain, 2009). The government prohibits drinking for finical crowd. The government release policy that prohibits drinking for particular crowd such as teenager and driver so that the customers of pubs are obvious reduce (Quain, 2009). stinting factor ?The supplier increase usu aloney affects the customer quantity. During 2002-2004, super grocery stores began change drin ks at loss-leader prices and the bounty larger which brought affect for the sale price and the trade of the pubs (Quain, 2009). ?The market appears to be over-supplied. The retail licensing market had adapted to the changes in the tied house ystem and other retail pub fibrils had been developing their business. Then the market appears to be over-supplied (Quain, 2009). level-headed factor ?A legal born will change pubs situation. The traditional link between the brewing companies and pubs known as the tie house placement had been cut by beer order in 1989. Pubs acquired a good change (Quain, 2009). ?The ruling from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Because the ruling from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which severely limited the estimate of pubs which a beer maker could operate, this is also a capitally changes in the pubs market (Quain, 2009). proficient factor The different provide is unendingly a determination to win the market. Pubs have a cellular respirat ion system to ensure that the customer can not smell the smoke and adapted toilet for any customer even the disabilities (Quain, 2009). ?Improve the beverage alcohol to fitting the market. In 2004, the pubs reduce the amount of alcohol in its cocktail pitchers and create the new product which is beverage with alcohol. This is a better way to developing the pubs healthful (Quain, 2009). 2. Using a SWOT analysis to let off the relationship between JD Wetherspoon and the environment it is facing during the early years of the 21st century.Strength ?People are its better asset The flexible training and the high treatment for stuff is also provide many opportunities so that they are build a sense of the true (Wetherspoon, 2009). ?The better product flavor The pubs of J D Wetherspoon sell a wide range of real ale beers at relatively low price and good theatrical role wine. This is achieved the customer satisfaction (Wetherspoon, 2009). Weakness ?Single product can not satisfied much customer The pubs only offer the drink and beverage, notwithstanding the other pubs have some list for breakfast or dinner. Then many customers had to extract the other pubs (Wetherspoon, 2009). No medicament and no TV tape JD Wetherspoon pubs did not orient World Cup football and sales suffered as a result in 2002. And there are also no music player be offered. This situation leads to many customers choice the other pubs (Wetherspoon, 2009). Opportunity ?Merge the Lloyds pubs and acquire their management advantage In 2000, it acquire the Lloyds pub chain consisting of 10 pubs so that the JD Wetherspoon acquire many different menu from it and this action as a stronger entertainment element accept a bigger market to the pubs (Wetherspoon, 2009). Enter into a new industry development JD Wetherspoon began to developing budget hotel accommodation known as Wetherlodges which have bump facilities attached to them. This is a new opportunity to develop JD Wetherspoon and accumu late competition advantage (Wetherspoon, 2009). terror ?The supplier for customer increase During 2002-2004, supermarkets began merchandising drinks at loss-leader prices and the premium larger which brought negative influences to JD Wetherspoon in the intensified competition (Wetherspoon, 2009). ?The market appears to be over-supplied.The overall result has been an increase in the number of pubs, and then the JD wertherspoon must(prenominal) suitable the over-supplied market (Wetherspoon, 2009). 3. Prepare a set of guidelines that the management of JD Wetherspoon should use on how to conduct a SWOT analysis such as one you have just downstairstaken. Use the ideal staff management as strength to catch the opportunity and avoid the threat is most important in the management. ?To avoid threat influence ?Threat In this case, the retail market had adapted to the changes in the 21st century so that many pubs are appearance which result the over-supplied market.At the same metre the supermarket began selling drinking and has a low price make more and more people drinking at home. Then, there was increasing public and government reside about binge drinking that not encourages the pubs. ?Use strength to avoid nether the pubs market suffers a big shock, the company uses the perfect staff management to affect that the sales and the profit growth have also slowed down and the share price in the stock market is also fall. ?To catch the opportunityThen under the perfect staff management, the company review the operations and change the weakness so that it acquire the Lloyds pubs in 2000, at the same time the company use the stronger strength to catch the opportunity that they began to developing budget hotel accommodation known as Wetherlodges which have bar facilities attached to them. The company acquires the Lloyds NO 1 bar concept in the hotel and developing the pubs at the same time so that the company can suitable the market changing. Therefore, the company ca n development well and catch more profit from two different fields.Section 2 Organization culture 1. Explain the organization culture in JD Wetherspoon in terms of shared values and taken for granted assumptions in an organization. You should illustrate your explanation with ONE example of separately element from the case study. For each example, you should say why it illustrates this looking of organizational culture. ?Share values People are best asset is shared value in J D Wetherspoon. In JD Wetherspoon, the staff interest group and communication is a good shared value. They kept in touch with weekly newsletters, a monthly company video and by publicizing the proceedings of Board meetings.The company has a great importance on the listening to and acting on and feedback from members of staff on all aspects of the business. Staffs can discuss the issues which are provide in Board meeting and are rewarded for their good suggestions. distributively staff is like the manager has a common goal, so all the members in the company are work hard to achieve the share value. ?Take for granted assumptions Moon under water is an assumption for J D Wetherspoon. In JD Wetherspoons, they do not play music or show TV programmes to keep silence.And at least a quarter of the space in each establishment is non-smoking, and it has each as a ventilation system which aims to ensure that customers do not leave smelling of smoke. As the company motto is cleanliness, beer, run and maintenance, all the activity is order to ensure that the members of the company suitable the organization culture intangible and create a new style of pubs to bring their customers more satisfactions. 2. Explain the type of culture that JD Wetherspoon has, using a recognized forge of organizational culture. Give examples to justify why you have chosen this type of culture.According to Charles Handys theory, there are four types of organizational cultures which are separately berth culture, role cu lture, task culture, and person culture. In this case study, JD Wetherspoon has the power culture. ?Power culture It is fairly common, particularly in economies that are growing and rely heavily on the smaller organizations to provide the economic proveation. (SQA, 2004) ? The reason to choice this culture is definite explain as follow In this case, the JD Wetherspoon has a focal person who the founder is named Tim Martin, when the company was a small organization.He is the key to sits in the whole organization centre, surrounded by ever widening circles of intimates and influence. Tim Martin had all the powers and do all the findings and his personal business views, philosophy and values formed the companys organizational culture. His imaginary pub called Moon under Water, he want to offered cheap beer, good conversation and solid architecture. As a result, the company motto of J D Wetherspoon is cleanliness, beer, service and maintenance. Therefore, the destiny of the company w as largely dependent on Tim Martins personal capability as the power culture characteristics. . Using the type of culture you identified in part 2 above, what is the relationship between organizational culture and organizational behavior in JD Wetherspoon. Power culture always has a direct impact on organizational behavior. The destiny of the company was largely dependent on Tim Martins personal capability as the power culture characteristics as follow. ?The pub called Moon under Water by Tim Martin willingness With the power culture, the pubs sell good quality wine and real ale beer at relatively low price, and do not play music or show TV programmes to keep silence. ?J D Wetherspoon had a policy of expansionWith the culture, all the atmosphere and facilities of the pubs must be provided by Tim Martins required. ?Tim Martin said the People are best asset With power culture, the company makes the staff involvement and communication. Staffs can discuss the issues which are provided i n Board meetings. ?The staff belief of the power person With this culture, he had all the powers and made all the decision. There were 95% of staff were happy to support the Martins decision in the pubs. Then, the relationship between organizational culture and organizational behavior is symmetry 4.To what extent would the management approach in JD Wetherspoon be different if the company had adopted a different culture? Again, make use of the same model that you used in part 2 above. If the JD Wetherspoon had adapted to the task culture the management approach will be different as follow BehaviorsPower cultureTask culture Power controlTim Martin had all the powers and made all the decisions. Team owned the autonomy and decision-making power. There is a high risk to make a bad decision. preference allocationAll members of the organization use the common resource to operate.Equipped with resources reasonable to each aggroup so that the resource lack. Business goals exploitTim Mart in personal business views affected all the staff. Each team leader has a different business views and required for the pubs operate. Staff willingnessThey are co-ordinate well and have a common willingness such as 95% were happy for the pubs to be used in Martins No campaign. They are co-ordinate only present in each team, and each team has a different willingness. Each team like an independent organization not includes all the staff in the company. Section3 Business strategy . Briefly explain four possible strategies which organization may adopt. In each case, indicate the environment which would be appropriate for the strategy concerned. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the expects of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations which include Overall affordable Provider Strategies, big Differentiation strateg y, Best-cost Provider Strategies and Focus strategy (Chen, 2009). Overall Low-Cost Provider Strategies Overall Low-cost provider strategies are make achievement of meaningful lower costs than rivals the theme of firms strategy which in the pubs industry. And the important is that find approaches to achieve a cost advantage in ways difficult for rivals to copy or match. And the low-cost leadership means low overall costs, not just low manufacturing or production costs. ?The external environment to use this strategyWhen the market price competition is vigorous and product is standardized or readily available from many suppliers or there are few ways to achieve differentiation and the vendees are large and have significant bargaining power (Chen, 2009). ?Broad Differentiation strategy Broad Differentiation strategy is find ways to differentiate that create value for buyers and are not easily matched or cheaply copied by rivals, and not spend more to achieve differentiation than the p rice premium that can be charged. ?The external environment to use this strategyNeed to value and please customers when buyer carry and uses are diverse. At the same time, few rivals are following a similar differentiation approach and technological change and product first appearance is fast-paced (Chen, 2009). ?Best-cost Provider Strategies Best-cost Provider Strategies are combining a strategic emphasis on low-cost with a strategic emphasis on differentiation. Under this strategy, company makes an upscale product at a lower cost to give customers more value for the money. ?The external environment to use this strategy It need to the company have a large scale and high hard operating with a long ime. And the decision maker have a clearly strategy mind to achieve the objectives (Chen, 2009). ?Focus Strategy Focus strategy involve concentrated attention on a narrow piece of the union market and choose a market niche where buyers have distinctive preferences, special requirements , or unique needs to develop unique capabilities to serve needs of target buyer segment. ?The external environment to use this strategy It has a geographic uniqueness and specialized requirements in using product or service, or when the company only need to special product attributes to appeal niche buyers (Chen, 2009). 2.Which strategy did J D Wetherspoon appear to be following during the 1980s and mid-nineties? Justify your decision and identify four benefits that J D Wetherspoon gained from this strategy. During the 1980s and 1990s J D Wetherspoon adopted the broad differentiation strategy. Justify this decision Through external environment analysis when J D Wetherspoon entered into the pubs market, peoples consideration has changed from drinking to socializing when they go to pubs. ?In order to suitable to this change, it developed unique social-bars to satisfy the changing of customers needs which include do not play music or show TV programs. Each pub has a ventilation system which aims to ensure that customers do not leave smelling of smoke and the pubs also pay attention to the toilets even for customer with disabilities. payable to the internal analysis is that there is a unique and perfect people policy which people is best asset. So this is a broad differentiation strategy. cite four benefits The benefits that JD Wetherspoon gained from this strategy as follows ? This strategy brought JD Wetherspoon an opportunity to quickly expand itself in the pubs market.In 1992, JD Wetherspoon only consisted of a chain of 44 pubs, while it now has more than 700 pubs. ?Large number of customers brought large amount of cash flows and over 50% of the finance for the new developments came from the cash generated by the business. ?Improve the market value in a period. In 2002, about 10 years after flotation, its share price rose to more than ten times its original value. ?It makes the company have a large competition advantage. It successfully attracted large numbe rs of customers to set up themselves brand and customer loyalty. . J D Wetherspoon seems to be following a different strategy during the 21st century from the cone that it adopted during the 1980s and 1990s. Compare two different strategies with respect to the influence that each had on the doings of the organization. J D Wetherspoon has a different strategy during the 21st century and during the 1980s and 1990s. The difference will be compared as follow Different strategies will lead to different management styles. ChangesOld strategy (During the 1980s and 1990s)New strategy (the 21st century)Broad Differentiation strategyFocus Differentiation strategy Organization Behaviors ?They sell real ale beers and good quality wine. ?They do not play music or show TV programmers. ?All day serve food provide and sold cheap prices ? remote price incentives to drink larger measures of spirits and reduced the amount of alcohol. ?Some pubs now show televised football. ?Serve breakfast and open e arlier in the break of the day before normal licensing hours begin at 1100 a. m. 4. Assess the factors that J D Wetherspoon had to consider when changing its business strategy.According to analysis the JD Wetherspoon growth, it had to change the strategy to suitable the market when it faces the factors as follow. ?Socio-cultural factor ?The peoples willingness is increasing With the society developing, the new style is instead of the old style entertainment places. The monotone restaurant can not following the step of new age. ?Political factor ?The government policy control There was increasing government concern about binge drinking. Pubs cannot be seen to be encouraging this state of affairs as it brings them bad publicity. ? sparing factor The supplier increase During 2002-2004, supermarkets began selling drinks at loss-leader prices and the premium larger. This made it difficult for pubs to compete on price and encouraged drinking at home. ?The market appears to be over-suppli ed. The overall result has been an increase in the number of pubs, and then the market appears to be over-supplied. ?Weakness ?Single provide can not satisfied customer The pubs only offer the drink and beverage, but the other pubs have some list for breakfast or dinner. JD Wetherspoon pubs did not show TV program and play music. 5.Explain how the experience of J D Wetherspoon illustrates the connection between the terms business strategy and strategic choice. The business strategy is including Overall Low-Cost Provider Strategies, Broad Differentiation strategy, Best-cost Provider Strategies and Focus strategy. But the JD Wertherspoon is choice the focus differentiation strategy in 21st century. And why the company choice this strategy is clearly as follow External factors ?The government policy limited the pubs development There was increasing government concern about binge drinking and pubs cannot be seen to be encouraging.It must be change the strategy that it removed price ince ntives to drink larger measures of spirits and reduced the amount of alcohol in its cocktail pitchers in 2004. ?The supplier increase affect the competition During 2002-2004, supermarkets began selling drinks at loss-leader prices and the premium larger. Then the company competition position was reduced so that the strategy needs to change. Most pubs now have a employ family dining area where children and adults can eat together. Internal factors ?Single provide can not satisfied customer The pubs only offer the drink, but the other pubs have some list for breakfast or dinner.Then the strategy must be changed that pubs now serve breakfast and open earlier in the break of the day before normal licensing hours begin at 11. 00 a. m. ?No TV program and no music can not follow the market JD Wetherspoon pubs did not show World Cup football and sales suffered as a result in 2002. And there are also no music player be offered. Then the company needs to choice the new strategy to attract t he customers. So in 2004 the pubs start to show televised football. 6. Describe the key issues that J D Wetherspoon has had to take account of in order to manage its business strategy.With many factors change the business strategy must be change to ensure that the JD Wertherspoon can suitable the market and win the competition. There are two key issues that it has had to take account of such as ? Clear the objective In order to complete the new strategy perfect, it need to the company have a large scale and high hard operating with a long time and the decision maker must have a clearly strategy mind. ?Avoid risk The company must pay attention to the below points a best cost provider may get squzzed between strategies of firms using low-cost and differentiation strategies.And low-cost leaders may be able to take out customers away with a lower price. And high-end differentiators may be able to steal customers away with better product attributes. Section 4 Change 1. With reference to force for change, explain why the strategy of JD Wetherspoon changed over time. The aspects of force for change theory include customer expectations, technology, competition, legislation, economy. The reason for the strategy changed over time is draw as follow ? Customer expectations In 1980s, peoples consideration changed a lot and many people wanted to have a quite suitable place.So this changing brought considerable opportunities to JD Wetherspoon development. But in the 21st century more and more people hobby to drinking at home or require a higher place to satisfy themselves. Then the strategy must be change to gain the demand and attract more customers. ?Technological factor Binge drinking had brought some anti-social behaviors, the pubs are not encouraged by government. The JD Wetherspoon had to reduce the amount of alcohol in its cocktail pitchers. And improve the promotion so that the profit is decrease a lot. Competition By the start of the 21st century, JD Wertherspoon was facing much more competition, then the market now appears to be over-supplied. The JD Wetherspoon pubs did not play music and no TV programmer leads to many customers choice the other pubs which have showed the televised football. ?Legislation According the ruling from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which severely limited the number of pubs which a brewer could operate, JD Wetherspoon acquired a better opportunity as a retailer entering into the pub market. ?EconomyDuring 2002-2004, supermarkets began selling drinks at loss-leader prices and the premium larger. This made it difficult for pubs to compete on price and encouraged drinking at home, which brought change for the sale price and the market of the JD Wetherspoon. Therefore, the strategy must be changed over time to catch the opportunity and avoid the threat to ensure that the company can own the competition advantage to run well in the market. 2. Choose ONE of the following stakeholder power business goals organiz ation culture business ethics social responsibility.Explain how the factor you have chosen could lead to change in JD Wetherspoon. Organization culture leads to change in JD Wertherspoon. ?Reason for chose The culture of the organization is created by organization members behave toward each other and approach their work. But the organization can not exist well then the culture will be not keeping balance so that the current culture can not be maintained. So the company needs to change in the future. ?Reason to lead to change In this case, Tim Martin as the founder of JD Wertherspoon has been working on twenty five years since 2004.But Tim Martin gave up day-to-day control in 2004 to become non-executive chairman working two days a week. With the power culture, he was the key to sits in the whole organization centre and had all the powers and made all the decisions and his personal business views, philosophy and values formed the companys organizational culture. To this power culture , if the center of the company changed the culture may be faced influence. At the same time the JD Wertherspoon faced a lot of problems and market competitors lead to the operating income maintain down fast.Therefore, with the destabilization culture, the strategy must be changed to ensure that the company suitable the market well and acquire more competitor advantage to win the competition. 3. Explain the role that the management of JDW could play in dealing with the changes that have occurred during the period since the year 2000. According to the research the management has five roles to be played in the company, which is including director, expertise, negotiator, educator and participator. Management role is to decide on and implement a suitable change strategy.In the case study, the management roles of JD Wertherspoon seemed includes director, educator and participator. ?Director role Managers of JD Wetherspoon can use all the powers to impose changes and make a decision, which would help JD Wetherspoon quickly implement the changes and reduce the change risks. ? pedagog role The management educates the staff to know involvement and communication. It is a good example to help them understand and accept the changes. The suitable education is always motivating the staff and improves their power use to face change. ?Participator roleParticipator role is that the manager gives staff chance to discuss the issues which refer from the board meeting. So it can help the mangers better implement the changes and help the employees of JD Wetherspoon know how to resist the change. The three roles are also continued to affect the future of JD Wetherspoon. 4. What advice would give to the management of JD Wetherspoon to help them analyze a change situation and to overcome any resistance to change. Use Lewins Change Model (Chen, 2009) to analyze the change situation is advised to the management of JD Wetherspoon.There are three steps to analyze change situation and to ov ercome any resistance to change are as follow ? Unfreezing The company must create a sense of need for the change, and establishes sense of urgency in the members of the JD Wetherspoon. Due to many competitors had been come into the pubs market, the management of the JD Wetherspoon need to acquire the experience from head coalition. At the same time, the company needs to create a vision and communicate the vision with the staff to minimizing resistance to the change. ?ChangingWhen the changing is occurred in people, tasks, structure, and technology, the manager need to empower people to act on vision and create short-term wins and consolidates improvements to produce further change in the end. ?Reinforcing When the changing is end, the company need to reinforcing the change and judging success to modifications so that look for some new institutionalize approaches III. Conclusion The changes in the external environment which J D Wetherspoon has faced since it was found in 1979 have analyzed and the relationship between organization culture and organization behavior are considered clearly.The report also evaluates the business strategies which J D Wetherspoon adopted during the period covered by the case study. Many strategies have been compared clearly and specifically, combined with the strategies to deal with the change of the company and consider how management can cope with change. IV. Recommendation Due to the change of the pubs industry, the recommendation for the JD Wetherspoon is that use short time to investigation what is the market need and use the strategy to plan to change the company, but need to ensure that the people policy is continue.And analysis the competition advantage of the other pubs and hotel to combine the management of two industries to create the new strategy to make differentiation. V. 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